Lec 12 Biodiversity IV Flashcards
major lineage: euteleostei
very poorly characterized.
What is a sister group of clupeomorpha?
Ostariophysi, confirmed by morphological and molecular analyses
Ostariophysi habitats
dominate fish in continental freshwaters of the world
Ostariophysi’s five major of fishes
- gonorhynchiformes
- cypriniformes
- Characiformes
- siluriformes
- gymnotiformes
Ostariophysi :other name for gonorhynchiformes
milkfish
important food in SE Asia
Ostariophysi :order cypriniformes
minnows, carps, suckers and loaches.
They’ve lost their jaw teeth but the lips and toothed upper pharyngeal bones undergone much specialization and exhibit great morphological diversity
Ostariophysi :order characiformes
characins, tetras, piranhas, pacus, silver dollars.
Adaptive radiation wtihin characiforms emphasize innovation in feeding structures, esp jaw teeth.
Ostariophysi : siluriformes
catfishes,
Characteristics, barbels (whiskers)with mouth
Ostariophysi : gymnotiformes
knifefishes
what do gymnotids specialize in having?
elaborate electrogenic and electrosensory structures.
What are two evidence for primary groups to be phylogenetically related?
- Weberian apparatus
2. alarm substance (schreckstoff)
Weberian apparatus
consist of moveable bony parts called ossicls that connect swimbladder to inner ear for sound transmission.
all but primitive ostariophysans have this
alarm substance
chemical communicant (pheromone) that is chemically similar in all ostariophysans that are produced by cells of epidermis
What does the alarm substance do with its smell?
It cuases a firght reaction in members of the same species, or closely related species. This is evidence that ostariophysans are derived from a common ancestor.
What are the 4 primary goups of salmoniformes?
- esocoidei
- argentinoidei
- lepidogalaxioidei
- salmonoidei
What members are in the esocoidei
PIkes, pickerels and mudminnows,
Freshwater, Northen Hemisphere
Argentinoidei members
argentines, herring smelts, deep-sea smelt and slick heads
Marine, coastal to deep sea
Lepidogalaxioidei members
salamander fish,
confined to freshwater and only found in W Australia
Salmonoidei members
freshwater smelts, ayu, icefishes or noodle fishes, white fishes, salmon
What are the characteristics of salmoniformes fins, pectoral and pelvic as wel as scales and maxillas.
- Primitive state: dorsal and anal fin are short and back on body.
- pectoral fins are low on body and horizontal, and pelvic are abdominal in position
- spine absent, scales are cycloid,
- short premaxilla, the maxilla is well toothed and form part of gape of mouth
What are stomiiformes and their characteristics?
- deep sea fishes - they have bioluminescent organs
2. have teleost trend in primitive state and many have an adipose fin
What are some scopelomorpha characteristics?
- variable in habitat
- many have bioluminescent structures and adipose fin. so it’s difficult to distinguish from stomiiforms
- toothless maxilla
What are the more primitive groups of teleosts?
osteoglossomorpha, elopomorpha, clupeomorpha
what are less derived members of the teleost
Euteleostei, ostariophysi, salmoniformes, stomiiformes and scopelomorph
What about the more derived teleost states?
Acanthomorpha, or spiny rayed teleosts
order percopsiformes
trout perches, pirate perch and cave fishes
Order gadiformes are
cods, codlets, hakes, burbot, rocklings and rattails
order ophidiiformes
cusk eels, pearlfishes, and brotulas
order batrachoidifromes
toadfishes,
mostly coastal and benthic
Order lophiiformes
angler fishes, marine, shallow to deep sea pelagic and benthic
What is the retractor dorsalis muscle?
large paired of muscle that oringinate along ventral margin of anteriormost three/4 vertebral centra and inserts on drosal most parts of gill arches
What does the retractor dorsalis muscle do?
Retract upper pharyngeal teeth as part of chewing mechanism and prepares food for swallowing.
What are the two primary groups of acanthopterygii?
- Atherinomorpha: flying fishes and their allies
2. Percomorpha: perches and perch derivates
What are the three orders of atherinomorpha?
- cyprinodontiformes
- beloniformes
- atheriniformes
What are some members of cyprinodontiformes?
Includes rice fishes, rivulines, killifishes, goodeids, four eyed fishes, topminnows and live bearers or guppies.
mostly found in tropical and temperate marine.
What are some members of the beloniformes and their characteristics?
flyingfishes, half beaks, needlefishes, and sauries.
elongate, slender and silvery.
Most surface feeders with dorsal and head portions flatten.
Atheriniformes members
Includes silversides, rainbowfishes, phallostethids
Mostly marine, some in freshwater
