Lec 12 Biodiversity IV

Question 1

major lineage: euteleostei

Answer 1

very poorly characterized.

Question 2

What is a sister group of clupeomorpha?

Answer 2

Ostariophysi, confirmed by morphological and molecular analyses

Question 3

Ostariophysi habitats

Answer 3

dominate fish in continental freshwaters of the world

Question 4

Ostariophysi’s five major of fishes

Answer 4

1. gonorhynchiformes
2. cypriniformes
3. Characiformes
4. siluriformes
5. gymnotiformes

Question 5

Ostariophysi :other name for gonorhynchiformes

Answer 5

milkfish

important food in SE Asia

Question 6

Ostariophysi :order cypriniformes

Answer 6

minnows, carps, suckers and loaches.

They’ve lost their jaw teeth but the lips and toothed upper pharyngeal bones undergone much specialization and exhibit great morphological diversity

Question 7

Ostariophysi :order characiformes

Answer 7

characins, tetras, piranhas, pacus, silver dollars.

Adaptive radiation wtihin characiforms emphasize innovation in feeding structures, esp jaw teeth.

Question 8

Ostariophysi : siluriformes

Answer 8

catfishes,

Characteristics, barbels (whiskers)with mouth

Question 9

Ostariophysi : gymnotiformes

Answer 9

knifefishes

Question 10

what do gymnotids specialize in having?

Answer 10

elaborate electrogenic and electrosensory structures.

Question 11

What are two evidence for primary groups to be phylogenetically related?

Answer 11

1. Weberian apparatus

2. alarm substance (schreckstoff)

Question 12

Weberian apparatus

Answer 12

consist of moveable bony parts called ossicls that connect swimbladder to inner ear for sound transmission.
all but primitive ostariophysans have this

Question 13

alarm substance

Answer 13

chemical communicant (pheromone) that is chemically similar in all ostariophysans that are produced by cells of epidermis

Question 14

What does the alarm substance do with its smell?

Answer 14

It cuases a firght reaction in members of the same species, or closely related species. This is evidence that ostariophysans are derived from a common ancestor.

Question 15

What are the 4 primary goups of salmoniformes?

Answer 15

1. esocoidei
2. argentinoidei
3. lepidogalaxioidei
4. salmonoidei

Question 16

What members are in the esocoidei

Answer 16

PIkes, pickerels and mudminnows,

Freshwater, Northen Hemisphere

Question 17

Argentinoidei members

Answer 17

argentines, herring smelts, deep-sea smelt and slick heads

Marine, coastal to deep sea

Question 18

Lepidogalaxioidei members

Answer 18

salamander fish,

confined to freshwater and only found in W Australia

Question 19

Salmonoidei members

Answer 19

freshwater smelts, ayu, icefishes or noodle fishes, white fishes, salmon

Question 20

What are the characteristics of salmoniformes fins, pectoral and pelvic as wel as scales and maxillas.

Answer 20

1. Primitive state: dorsal and anal fin are short and back on body.
2. pectoral fins are low on body and horizontal, and pelvic are abdominal in position
3. spine absent, scales are cycloid,
4. short premaxilla, the maxilla is well toothed and form part of gape of mouth

Question 21

What are stomiiformes and their characteristics?

Answer 21

1. deep sea fishes - they have bioluminescent organs

2. have teleost trend in primitive state and many have an adipose fin

Question 22

What are some scopelomorpha characteristics?

Answer 22

1. variable in habitat
2. many have bioluminescent structures and adipose fin. so it’s difficult to distinguish from stomiiforms
3. toothless maxilla

Question 23

What are the more primitive groups of teleosts?

Answer 23

osteoglossomorpha, elopomorpha, clupeomorpha

Question 24

what are less derived members of the teleost

Answer 24

Euteleostei, ostariophysi, salmoniformes, stomiiformes and scopelomorph

Question 25

What about the more derived teleost states?

Answer 25

Acanthomorpha, or spiny rayed teleosts

Question 26

order percopsiformes

Answer 26

trout perches, pirate perch and cave fishes

Question 27

Order gadiformes are

Answer 27

cods, codlets, hakes, burbot, rocklings and rattails

Question 28

order ophidiiformes

Answer 28

cusk eels, pearlfishes, and brotulas

Question 29

order batrachoidifromes

Answer 29

toadfishes,

mostly coastal and benthic

Question 30

Order lophiiformes

Answer 30

angler fishes, marine, shallow to deep sea pelagic and benthic

Question 31

What is the retractor dorsalis muscle?

Answer 31

large paired of muscle that oringinate along ventral margin of anteriormost three/4 vertebral centra and inserts on drosal most parts of gill arches

Question 32

What does the retractor dorsalis muscle do?

Answer 32

Retract upper pharyngeal teeth as part of chewing mechanism and prepares food for swallowing.

Question 33

What are the two primary groups of acanthopterygii?

Answer 33

1. Atherinomorpha: flying fishes and their allies

2. Percomorpha: perches and perch derivates

Question 34

What are the three orders of atherinomorpha?

Answer 34

1. cyprinodontiformes
2. beloniformes
3. atheriniformes

Question 35

What are some members of cyprinodontiformes?

Answer 35

Includes rice fishes, rivulines, killifishes, goodeids, four eyed fishes, topminnows and live bearers or guppies.
mostly found in tropical and temperate marine.

Question 36

What are some members of the beloniformes and their characteristics?

Answer 36

flyingfishes, half beaks, needlefishes, and sauries.
elongate, slender and silvery.
Most surface feeders with dorsal and head portions flatten.

Question 37

Atheriniformes members

Answer 37

Includes silversides, rainbowfishes, phallostethids

Mostly marine, some in freshwater