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BB Test 1 > LEC-11 Neuroembryology (Head & Neck Development) > Flashcards

LEC-11 Neuroembryology (Head & Neck Development) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in week 2 of development?

A
  • Formation of trophoblast
    • Cytotrophoblast
    • Syncytiotrophoblast
  • Bilmanar disk formation (from embryoblast)
    • Epiblast
    • Hypoblast
  • Two cavities
    • Amniotic
    • Chorionic
  • Two extraembryonic mesoderm layers
    • Somatopleuric
    • Splanchnopleuric
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2
Q

What happens in week 3 of development?

A
  • Gastrulation
  • Neurulation
  • Cephalocaudal and lateral folding
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3
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A
  • Epithelial lining
  • Pharyngeal pouches
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4
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A
  • Notochord (nucleus pulposus)
  • Somites
    • Sclerotome (bone and cartilage)
    • Dermatome (dermis)
    • Myotome (muscles)
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5
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A
  • Neural tube (CNS-motor neurons, preganglionic ANS)
  • Neural crest (PNS-postganglionic ANS)
  • Epithelial component of skin (glands, invaginations)
    • Stomodeum (lining of future oral cavity)
    • Nasal pit, external auditory meatus
  • Thickens to form placodes (olfactory, lens and optic)
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6
Q

What is the auricle of the external ear derived from?

A

1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

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7
Q

What is the external auditory canal derived from?

A

1st pharyngeal cleft

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8
Q

What is the pharyngotympanic tube derived from?

A

1st pharyngeal pouch

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9
Q

What is the cervical sinus derived from?

A

2nd, 3rd, and 4th pharyngeal grooves merge to form it

Eventually disappears

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10
Q

What is the trigeminal (V) nerve derived from?

A

1st pharyngeal arch

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11
Q

What is the facial (VII) nerve derived from?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

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12
Q

What is the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve derived from?

A

3rd pharyngeal arch

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13
Q

What is the vagus (X) nerve derived from?

A

4th and 6th pharyngeal arch

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14
Q

What does the 5th pharyngeal arch become?

A

It is vestigial and doesn’t develop

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15
Q

The muscles of mastication are supplied by what pharyngeal arch?

A

1st arch (CN V)

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16
Q

The muscles of facial expression are supplied by what pharyngeal arch?

A

2nd arch (CN VII)

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17
Q

The stylopharyngeus muscle is supplied by what pharyngeal arch?

A

3rd arch (CN IX)

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18
Q

The laryngeal muscles are supplied by what pharyngeal arch?

A

4th arch (CN X)

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19
Q

The pharyngeal muscles are supplied by what pharyngeal arch?

A

6th arch (CN X)

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20
Q

What arch is responsible for the Malleus, Incus, (sphenoMandibular lig.), and disappearing of the rest of Meckel’s cartilage?

A

1st arch

21
Q

What arch is responsible for the Stapes, Styloid process, Superior half of hyoid, and Stylohyoid ligament?

A

2nd arch

22
Q

What arch is responsible for the inferior half of body and greater horn of hyoid?

A

3rd arch

23
Q

What arch is responsible for the thyroid and epiglottic cartilages of larynx?

A

4th arch

24
Q

What arch is responsible for the laryngeal cartilages (cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate)?

A

6th arch

25
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal pouch form?

A
  • Pharyngotympanic tube
  • Middle ear
26
Q

What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Palatine tonsil (epithelial crypts)

27
Q

What does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch form?

A
  • Inferior parathyroid gland (migrates inferiorly)
  • Thymus
28
Q

What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch become?

A
  • Superior parathyroid glands
  • Ultimobranchial body (C cells of thyroid gland)
29
Q

In regards to the development of the face, what does the first pharyngeal arch become?

A
  • Has both maxillary and mandibular parts
    • Surrounds stomodeum (so has ectoderm on outside and inside)
  • Become upper and lower jaw regions
30
Q

What is the frontonasal process?

A

The mesenchyme around the forebrain that develops into the “rest of the face” that isn’t derived from the 1st pharyngeal arch

31
Q

What are the nasal placodes and what do they form?

A

Part of the frontonasal process that invaginate to form medial and lateral swellings on either side of the nasal pits

32
Q

What does the medial swelling (from nasal placodes) form?

A

Intermaxillary segment

33
Q

What does the lateral swelling (from nasal placodes) form?

A

Nasolacrimal groove

34
Q

How is the nasolacrimal duct formed?

A

From the extension of the nasolacrimal groove (that is the cleft between the lateral nasal swelling and maxillary part of first arch)

35
Q

How is the palate formed?

A

From the fusion of the pirmary palate (intermaxillary segment) and secondary palate (maxillary part of first pharyngeal arch)

36
Q

How is a cleft lip formed?

A

From the failure of the medial nasal and maxillary prominences to fuse with each other

37
Q

How is a cleft palate formed?

A

From the failure of the palatine processes to fuse with each other

38
Q

How is the anterior 2/3 of the tongue formed?

A

From the two lateral lingual swellings (that arise from the 1st pair of pharyngeal arches)

39
Q

How is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue formed?

A

From the two caudal lingual swellings (that arise from the 3rd and 4th pair of pharyngeal arches)

40
Q

From what structure are taste buds (on anterior 2/3 of tongue) derived from?

A

From and overgrowth of the 2nd pair of pharyngeal arches

41
Q

What are somitomeres?

A

7 segments that the paraxial mesoderm is organized into (form head region mesenchyme)

42
Q

What are somites?

A

The further organization of somitomeres that form the rest of the body

43
Q

How many somites are formed by the end of week 5?

A

~42-44 pairs

44
Q

How many somites are left after some disappear during development?

A

~36-38 pairs (3 occipital, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 3-5 coccygeal)

45
Q

When do the first pair of somite appear and what is the rate at which more are formed?

A
  • First Pair: Day 20
  • Rate: 3 pairs/day in a craniocaudal sequence
46
Q

What is resegmentation?

A
  • Migration and subsequent fusion of the caudal half of each sclerotome towards the cephalif half of the subjacent sclerotome
  • Results in spinal nerves exiting vertebral column through intervertebral foramina
47
Q

What is hemivertebrae?

A
  • Unilateral defects in formation of sclerotomes
  • Causes congenital scoliosis of vertbebral column
48
Q

What do defects in resegmentation result in?

A
  • Fused vertebrae which also causes congenital scoliosis of vertebral column

BB Test 1 (25 decks)

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