Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive Neuroscience PSYC21022 > Lec 1 Intro and Neuroimaging > Flashcards

Lec 1 Intro and Neuroimaging Flashcards

1
Q

MIND-body problem

A

how can a physical substance give rise to mental experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mental experience arises from the heart according to who?

A

Aristotle (think aorta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where did Plato think mental experience arose from

A

The brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dual aspect theory

A

mind and body are two levels of explanation of the same thing (spinoza)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who proposes phrenology originally?

What did it entail

A

Gall and Spurzheim
- different parts of cortex serve different functionsm with different personality traits manifesting in differences in cortical size, crude division of psychological traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What part of phrenology was the only thing that was kept

A

functional specialisation- degree of specialiation of neurons in certain regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Wilder Penfields work

A

direct electrical stimulation of cortex- produces mental sensations of thinking, perceiving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

single cell recording

A

electrode implanted into axon to record neural activity but does NOT stimulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

EEG properties

A

Maps WHEN things happen

  • measures electrical activity via electrodes on scalp, with resulting trace representing electrical signal fro large number of neurons
  • EEG signals represent change in potential difference between two electrodes IN TIME
  • EEG average from many trials form an ERP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name some key ERPs that are processed quickly

A

N170 for faces

P300 famous./familiar faces , detecting targets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MEG properties

A

WHEN things happen in brian

  • good for spatial and temporal resolution
  • measures magnetic field (electrical activity in brain) via SQUIDS device
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MRI properties (structural and functional)

A

Uses differential properies and types of tissues/blood to produce images of brain
- Structural- creates static map (CT and structural MRI)
of the different types of tissue (skull, grey/white matter, CFS fluid) and their properties

-fMRI goof for temporal changes in brain physiology
(PET
- measures concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BOLD stands for?

What is the change in BOLD response over time called?

A

Blood Oxygen level dependent contrast
- hemodynamic response function
(HRI peaks in 6-8 seconds so temporal resolution is limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the measurement of brain activity called

A

voxels or voume pixels.

This build the 3D brain image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PET properties (part of MRI)

A

measures local blood flow (rCBF)
radioactive tracer injected into blood stream (takes about 30 secs). Once it has undergone radioactive decay, a positron is emitted. This is picked up by a detector
High radioactivity = brain activity in that area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cognitive subtraction

Why is it needed?

A

Control task activity MINUS experimental task activity.
Control task will be similar to the experimental task, common method for fMRI tasks.
- It is needed because in order to infer functional specialisation, comparing relative differnce of exp and control in needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Criticism of cognitive subtraction

A

Difficulty of the baseline task.

key to know- Activation in experimental condition must be relaitve to the control task

18
Q

where has disagreement between imaging and lesion studies come from?

A

Semantic processign evidence i.e. semantic dementia

19
Q

What is semantic dementia

A

Impairment/degeneration im anterior temporal lobes (left in particular), leading to inability to understand meaning (dont know how to use it, the action for it)

20
Q

Devlin et al (2000) fMRI (structure) and PET (direct blood flow to region) results

A

Both scan showed anterior temporal area activated in semantic tasks showing this area is key for semantic meaning

21
Q

TMS properties and advantages

A

Electrical current induced in area of coil not connected to the battery/energy source

Advantages:
temporary/transient lesion,
reversible, non-invasive
control location of stimulation,

22
Q

transcranial electric stimulation (TES)

A
  • At very low currents (1-2mA) applied to scalp via electrodes by changing the working potential.
  • considered more as modulation rather than stimulation

-after block of lessons lead to changes in neuronal excitability- good for learning and for clinial therapy of migrained, dementia, stroke, parkinsons

23
Q

TES protocols

A

Anodal- current goes from + electrode to -
(facilitation effects)
2) Cathodal- current goes from - to + (inhibition effects)
3) Sham- as control. usually cant tell if youve received sham or not

24
Q

how we know anodal TES is facilitatory

A

Inhibits inhibitory neurotransmitters = excitation

Anodal stimulation seems to INHBIT GABA (primary inhibitory neurotrans) in motor cortex

25
Q

How we know cathodal TES is inhibitory

A

cathodal stimulation seems to inhibit glutamate (primary excitatory neurotrans)

26
Q

Neuropsychology

A

study of brain damaged patients, abnormalities to gain insight into normal functioning in healthy brains

27
Q

2 traditions in neuropsychology

A

classical neuropsychology- what functions are disrupted by damage to region X
- addresses functional specialisation, group study methods used

cognitive neuropsychology- can a specific function be spared/impaired relative to other cognitive functions
- addresses building blocks of cognition (irrespecitve of WHERE they area) -single case methodology used

28
Q

what 2 ways can brain damage via stroke occur

A

Ischemia (blood clot)- lack of glucose and oxygen supply
Hemorrhage- bleeding into brain tissue out of arteries, blood can eventually drain and recover brain tissue after some time

29
Q

examples of neuropsychological testing (of intelligence, memory, visuospatial, executive function, sensation

A

semantic memory test- pyramids and palm trees

visuospatial test- figure of Ray (draw what you’ve just seen)

30
Q

single dissociation

A

impaired in task A but spared in Task B

31
Q

classical single dissociation

A

patient performs in normal range on task B

32
Q

strong single dissociation

A

impaired on both tasks but significantly more impaired o one

33
Q

What dissociation did famous Patient CF have?

A

Classic single dissociation- he suffered ischemic stroke to left parietal area. He was speechless but could still communicate in gesture

He would leave out the vowels i.e. bologna / blgna

A different patient made spelling errors on consenants only

34
Q

What can be concluded from the patient CF’s evidence and others about independence of domains in brain

A

independence of domains can be assumed since single dissociations show difficulty relative to absence in difficulty in another domain. The cases show that the brain has separate neural response for processing written vowels relative to consenants

35
Q

What dissociation do SD patients have

A

Strong single dissociation-

semantic impairment whilst attention/executive and visuospatial is spared

36
Q

RFTD case study- what does impairment in this right hemispheric variant of semantic dementia show in patients

A

They are significantly worse in social discrimination tasks, often misunderstanding social cues and social scenarios

37
Q

explain double dissociations

A

Two single dissociations or 2 single cases with complimentary profiles of strengths/weaknesses (i.e. one omits on consenant, other on vowels)

38
Q

What is the best example of a double dissociation

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia

39
Q

What is affected in Broca’s aphasia

A

Speech production impaired, speech is effortful

40
Q

What is affected in Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Meaning of words affected, speech is usually still fluent

41
Q

Issue with single case studies

A

We can NEVER average performance from a series of single cases because lesions will never be in the same place

42
Q

How are group studies possible:

A

1) group by syndrome-
useful to investigate neural correlates of a disease
2) group by behavioural symptoms-able to identify multiple regions that are implicated in a behaviour
3) group by lesion location- test predictions from functional imaging

Cognitive Neuroscience PSYC21022 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions