Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NST 103 > Lec 1 - GI tract > Flashcards

Lec 1 - GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is an essential nutrient?

A

component of food deemed to be essential to life & physiological functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens if the diet lacks essential nutrients?

A

results in physiological dysfunction, impaired growth, impaired reproductions &/or organismal demise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is metabolism?

A

refers to the chemical conversions that occur with the cell & their associated changes in energy “the chemistry of life”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is nutrition?

A

refers to how an organism acquires adequate nutrient intakes to facilitate physiological function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the essential nutrients (“required for life”)?

A

energy, certain fatty acids & amino acids, vitamins; minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False: Carbohydrates are an essential nutrient

A

Flase: carbohydrates are not an essential but can contribute essential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what macromolecules are our bodies composed of?

A

lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, & carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or False: we cannot synthesize these macromolecules from nothing

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what micronutrients are essential components of food?

A

vitamins & minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are vitamins & minerals required for?

A

as cofactors & substrates in metabolic reactions, important signaling molecules, and influence cellular homeostasis through several mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what must our digestive tract to for cell to absorb nutrients?

A

be able to break down food components into their minimally absorbable forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the digestive system ecology and immunotolerance:

A

the digestive tract is in contact with the outside world & a huge ecosystem of microorganisms & how the immune system can sense a friend vs foe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the digestive system cell proliferation:

A

the digestive tract rapidly turns over, maintaining a high proliferative capacity for decades
fundamental for understanding pathways such as the Wnt signaling pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the digestive system neurobiology:

A

vagus nerve allows coordination between brain & gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What organs are in the GI tract?

A

oral cavity
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Of the organs in the GI tract which is an accessory?

A

oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what other organs form part of the small intestine

A

liver gallbladder pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is digestion?

A

physical & chemical -> reduce size of molecules & repackage to facilitate absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is absorption?

A

movement from GI tract to blood or lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is secretion?

A

movement into lumen of GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is motility?

A

muscles mix & move contents via peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is barrier

A

between external & internal environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does the GI tract keep itself organized?

A

by having layers, made of several issue types, contains different cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are common layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia (esophagus) or serosa (stomach, intestine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the different tissue types of the GI tract

A

epithelia
connective
vascular
lymphatic
muscle
nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

epithelia tissue

A

various cell types responsible for secretion of hormones, enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

connective tissue

A

forms supportive structure for tissues, facilitate storage, transport & signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

vascular tissue

A

facilitates absorption & transport of compounds & cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

lymphatic tissue

A

transports lipids, interstitial fluid; facilitates immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

muscle tissue

A

smooth & striated muscle to process, mix & move food along the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

nerve tissue

A

neural & glial cells grouped into plexuses to coordinate various gut functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

functions of the oral cavity

A

chewing (mastication)
initiate digestion
swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what neural aspects of the oral cavity cause disease status?

A

disruption of neural control/coordination of bolus formation & swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

functions of salivary glands

A

chewing
initiate digestion
swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

functions of saliva

A

glycoproteins lubricate & prevent abrasion
salivary amylase initiates digestion of starch
antimicrobial agents reduce risk of infection
acts as pH buffer

37
Q

what occurs with inadequate saliva production

A

causes discomfort & impact swallowing capacity

38
Q

causes of inadequate saliva production

A

numerous medications
autoimmune disease (Sjogren’s)
radiation exposure
nerve damage

39
Q

what occurs during swallowing

A

peristalsis

40
Q

smooth muscle cells rhythmically contract to generate?

A

peristaltic waves

41
Q

what is contraction controlled by?

A

input from mechanical, chemical, & electrical stimuli

42
Q

what is essential to facilitate digestion?

A

continuity of the esophagus & its connection to the stomach

43
Q

what is the most common congenital anomaly?

A

esophageal atresia

44
Q

what is the goal of the stomach?

A

form chyme

45
Q

what is chyme

A

foot & secretions

46
Q

what is able to sense the presence of food in the stomach

A

mechanoreceptors

47
Q

how does the stomach digest

A

secretion of acid, pepsinogen, & gastric lipase

48
Q

what are the 4 additional functions of the stomach?

A
  1. store food
  2. kill bacteria
  3. some absorption/ metabolism of ethanol
  4. absorption of drugs & other small water-soluble compounds
49
Q

what makes up the gastric juice (6)

A

HCl, pepsinogen, mucus, water, electrolytes, & bicarbonate

50
Q

what is pepsinogen

A

an inactive precursor

51
Q

what is pepsin

A

is a protease with a pH optimum of 2 & induces activation

52
Q

what are gastric secretion regulated by

A

endocrine & nervous signals

53
Q

what are the 3 phases that gastric secretions are regulated in

A

cephalic, gastric, & intestinal

54
Q

what is the cephalic phase?

A

prior to food entering the stomach

55
Q

what is the gastric phase?

A

good’s presence in the stomach

56
Q

what is the intestinal phase?

A

as food moves into the duodenum from the stomach

57
Q

True or False: H & Cl are exerted together

A

false, H20 dissociates into H+ & chloride is directly taken up with HCO3-

58
Q

which amino acid is essential

A

histidine

59
Q

______ is an essential vitamin & acts as a coenzyme to facilitate the decarboxylation reaction

A

pyridoxal phosphate

60
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

regulate histidine decarboxylase synthesis in the ECL cell

61
Q

what does somatostatin?

A

inhibits HCl production

62
Q

what type of cells secretes H+ & Cl-

A

parietal cells

63
Q

what nerve regulates acetylcholine?

A

vagal nerve

64
Q

what cell regulates histamine

A

ECL cells

65
Q

what cells regulate gastrin

A

G-cells

66
Q

which cells regulate somatostatin

A

D-cells

67
Q

what has a positive regulation of stomach acidification

A

vagal nerve, ECL & G-cells

68
Q

what has a negative regulation of stomach acidification

A

D-cells

69
Q

What does GERD stand for

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

70
Q

what is GERD also commonly known as

A

acid reflux/heartburn

71
Q

what do chief cells produce

A

pepsinogen & gastric lipase

72
Q

what do goblet cells produce

A

mucous mucin

73
Q

what to parietal cells produce

A

HCl & intrinsic factor

74
Q

what to D-cells produce

A

somatostatin

75
Q

what do ECL cells produce

A

histamine & serotonin

76
Q

what do G-cells produce

A

gastrin

77
Q

what occurs during gastric emptying

A

passage from the stomach to the small intestine

78
Q

how long does emptying following a meal take

A

2-4 hours

79
Q

where does food leave during gastric emptying

A

pylorus

80
Q

what factors influence the rate of gastric emptying

A

nervous reflexes sensitive to distension of the duodenum & hormonal

81
Q

what is the primary function of the small intestine

A

main site of nutrient digestion & absorption

82
Q

how does the small intestine facilitate lipids absorption

A

packages food components into easily absorbable

83
Q

what are the 3 different parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

84
Q

what are the 4 parts of the intestinal wall in the small intestine

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

85
Q

what does the mucosa do

A

absorptive/ secretory layer

86
Q

what does the submucosa layer do

A

vascular connective tissue

87
Q

what does the muscularis layer do

A

peristaltic movement do

88
Q

what does the serosa layer do

A

protective layer

89
Q
A

NST 103 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions