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Pulm > Lec 1 > Flashcards

Lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal function of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange [warm/humidify and filter/protect air]

acid-base

phonation

metabolism of endogenous substances

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2
Q

What is the main function of lung?

A

gas exchange = remove CO2 and replenish O2

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3
Q

How long does gas exchange take in the lungs?

A

0.25 seconds

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4
Q

How long does it take for entire blood volume [5 L] to pass through the lungs?

A

one minute

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5
Q

What is the main difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

bronchi have cartilage

bronchioles lack cartilage

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6
Q

Do terminal bronchioles participate in gas exchange?

A

nope!

they are part of conducting zone of lungs; they branch into respiratory bronchioles that do gas exchange

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7
Q

What is the pulmonary acinus?

A

functional unit of lung = the portion of lung distal to terminal bronchiole including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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8
Q

What parts of lung are part of the conducting zone?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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9
Q

What parts of lung are part of respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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10
Q

What is the function of conducting zone of the lung?

A

funnel gas to respiratory unit of lung

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11
Q

What is the function of the airways?

A
  • serve as conduit of air
  • provide evacuation of foreign material
  • immuno and protective function
  • warm and humidify air
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12
Q

What is normal tidal volume?

A

500 cc

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13
Q

How much of tidal volume remains in conducting portion of lungs and does not participate in gas exchange?

A

1/3 of tidal volume = 150 CC

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines airways?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia

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15
Q

What other histo findings in large airway or bronchus?

A

bronchial cartilage

submucosal mucinous glands

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16
Q

How do you distinguish bronchus from bronchiole histologically?

A

bronchiole = smaller diameter, epithelium, then thin layer of connective tissue then smooth muscle

bronchus = cartilagenous

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17
Q

What is width of blood-air barrier at its thinnest point?

A

~0.15 microns

18
Q

What aspects of lung design make it ideal for gas exchange?

A
  • large surface area
  • short diffusion path [thin barrier]
  • concentration gradients of Co2/O2
19
Q

How does hemoglobin aid in gas exchanges?

A

binds O2 so ddecreases concentration of available O2 in blood –> increases driving force for gas exchange

20
Q

What aspects of blood-brain barrier make it ideal for diffusion?

A
  • thin cycoplasm of typ I pneumocyte

- fused basement membranes of capillary and alveolus

21
Q

What is important about the interstitium between epithelial basement membrane and vascular basement membrane?

A

there is continuity of interstitium around bronchovascular bundles, alvoelar walls, interlobular septa, pleura

22
Q

What are type I pneumocytes?

A
  • very flat cells
  • cover most of avlvoelus but only account for about 40% of the cells
  • cannot divide
  • participate in gas exchange
23
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes?

A
  • more cuboidal cells
  • only cover about 5% of alveolar surface but account fro 60% of cells
  • divide to replace injured Type ! cells
24
Q

What 3 factors can cause abnormal lung function?

A
  • impaired gas-exchange in alveolar spaces
  • increased resistance to air flow in bronchioles
  • altered pulmonarymechanics
25
Q

What 2 mech of impaired gas exchange?

A
  • ventilation perfusion mismatch

- diminished diffusion capacity

26
Q

What are some possible etiologies of airway obstruction that can lead to ventilation-perfusion mismatch?

A
  • neoplasm
  • mucus plug, foreign object
  • COPD; emphysema; chronic bronchitis
  • fluid or inflammatory cells in alveolar space [pneumonia]
27
Q

What 2 chronic diseases associated with increased airflow resistance in airways?

A

chronic bronchitis
bronchial asthma

= like backup in an expressway; alveoli might be perfectly normal but the air can’t get there

28
Q

What possible etiologies of alveolar filling that prevent access to areas of gas exchange?

A

pneumonia

edema

29
Q

What are some possible etiologies of obstacles to perfusion?

A
  • destruction of alveolar capillaries
  • alteration of pulm blood flow [HTN]
  • obstruction of flow [pulm embolus/thrombus, compression]
30
Q

What are the 2 circulations of pulm vasculature? function? resistance?

A

pulmonary arteries: low pressure, involved in gas exchange

bronchial arteries: systemic pressure, nutrient vessels, supply bronchial tissue with nutrients

31
Q

What is normal relationship PA pressure to systemic pressure?

A

PA pressure is 1/6th that of systemic

32
Q

How do PA vessels differ from systemic counterparts?

A

thinner walls

wider vessels

33
Q

What happens to pulm vessels wtih pulmonary HTN?

A

thickening of blood vessels due to pressure –> decrease lumen size –> decreased blood flow to gas exchange areas

34
Q

What are some ways diffusion capacity can be impaired?

A
  • loss of alveolar or endothelial area [emphysema]

- thickening of alveolar wall [fibrosis]

35
Q

What is mech in fibrosis of V-Q mismatch?

A

thickened alveolar wall = less diffusion capacity

36
Q

What is mech in emphysema of V-Q mismatch?

A
  • loss of alveolar or endothelial area
  • desturction of alveolar surface
  • airway obstruction
  • less surface area for diffusion –> less gas exchagne
37
Q

What 2 anatomic factors determine diffusion capactiy?

A
  • alveolar surface area

- thickness of air-blood barrier

38
Q

What types of abnormalities can alter pulmonary mechanics?

A
  • anything that changes the lung
  • airway obstruction, vascular abnormalities, fibrosis
  • cardiac abnormalities
  • chest wall abnormalities
39
Q

What structures in the lungs designed for protection?

A
  • nasal hairs
  • branching airways
  • muco-ciliary escalaotr = cilitaed epithelium and mucus layer trap particles and sweep them out
  • alveolar macrophages
40
Q

What size particles trapped in each part of lung?

A

> 10 microns = in nose/nasopharynx

5-10 microns = in mucous coated airways

< 2 microns = reach alveoli

Pulm (24 decks)

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