LEC 1

Question 1

What is the importance of statistical literacy

Answer 1

to understand and evaluate what statistical numbers are telling us that fall into our day to day lives which gives professional decisons and answers

Question 2

what is the goal for statistics

Answer 2

focusing on the balance between producers and consumers

Question 3

what is numeracy

Answer 3

its a skill for succses for the job market

Question 4

what is a producer

Answer 4

a producer is a professional individual that publishes results, such professions like scientists in order for others to consume such research.

Question 5

what is a consumer, why would we want to be one

Answer 5

a individual(s) who read research and want to know the knowledge for many reasons, such as a student for studying purposes, or out of curiosity, also for therapists, maybe a new therapy is discovered.

Question 6

what are the three claims from MORLANG

Answer 6

frequnecy
casual
asscociation

Question 7

what is a claim

Answer 7

its a arguement that represent certian groups in three ways

Question 8

what is a frequency claim

Answer 8

its when we have a particular rate or degree of a single variable (like a consant)

Question 9

what is a association claim

Answer 9

its a claim that one variable is associated with another variable in different ways

Question 10

what is a casual claim

Answer 10

a claim that one variable is responsible for the other, meaning theres causation

Question 11

what is a variable

Answer 11

a variable is something that varies

Question 12

what does it mean when we have a variable

Answer 12

because something varies within size with at least 2 levels/values

Question 13

the example “people with higher incomes spend more time on social media” what does this potray and how

Answer 13

it tells us theres two variables
one variable giving us info that the level of income of high medium and low
the second variable being the levels of how often someone may spend on social media from a scale of one to 10.

Question 14

what is a constant

Answer 14

its when something is held as one thing

Question 15

the example “26% americans eat” what does this tell us and why

Answer 15

it tells us that one group eats, defining as a constant because theres no levels to hold except one being the nationality(americans) of people

this potentially could vary in size however the only variable is eating.

Question 16

“two out of 10 canadians admited they texted and drive” what claim is this

Answer 16

frequnecy claim

Question 17

“peoples who smile more tend to be happier” what claim is this and why

Answer 17

its an example of a association claim because its two variables that connect with one another but does not claim they are together

Question 18

the example “music may enhance iq” tells us what and how

Answer 18

this is a casual claim because it tells us that music may have a reason our iq levels are high

Question 19

The study’s results show that as A changes, B changes; e.g., high levels of A go with high levels of B, and low levels of A go with low levels of B.

what does this tell us

Answer 19

this tells us two variables go together when establishing criteria in causation known as a covarience

Question 20

The study’s method ensures that A comes first in time, before B.

what does this tell us about causation

Answer 20

when one variable occurs then the other variable will occur after the fact, this is known as a temporal preecedence

Question 21

what is an example of temporal preecedence and how

Answer 21

an example can be that music can cause people to have better listening skills.

however it has to be proven that music came first then to test peoples ears before and after listening to music made an improvement otherwise its considered as a association.

Question 22

The study’s method ensures that there are no plausible alternative explanations for the change in B; A is the only thing that changed.

what does this tell us about causation

Answer 22

that there is a possible third variable that eliminates an association between two variables. this is called internal validity

Question 23

what is an example of internal validity and why

Answer 23

if music enhances IQ in children, we could say that music causes higher IQ levels however, the third variable that could interfere could be a kids parents encouraging higher academic performance levels by taking them to lessons, making the parent be the third variable because they are the reason their child is good at music.

Question 24

how does human behaviour and causation associate with eachother

Answer 24

because there can be many reasons as to why we feel the way we do

for example we may be sad by the end of the dy because multiple things happened within that particular days or within the week that make us feel sad.

Question 25

what does it mean is psychology when we talk about proximal and distal causes

Answer 25

that we can look at a single cause in two ways
proximal we can see the cause of something the way it is in the moment
distal we can see the cause as a general factor thats happened from previous experience

Question 26

give an example involving the distal and proximal causation within behaviour

Answer 26

say someone steals in a convience store

in a proximal view - we see the act of someone stealing

in distal view - we look back as to cases of people stealing from convience stores over the years and their reasonings of doing so.

Question 27

what are the four types of validities

Answer 27

construct
external
statistical
internal

Question 28

what is construct validity

Answer 28

we ask ourselves if the variables in our study are operational enough to have approximate when we conception within their values

Question 29

whats an example of construct validity with a association, frequency and casual claim

Answer 29

frequency - how well has one variable been measured
association - how well has two variables been individually measured
casual - how well have the variables been measured or manipulated

Question 30

“if we have a measure of memory, is it a good measure of memory”
whats this an example of

Answer 30

construct validity in a frequency claim

Question 31

how do we know that our construct validity is accurate

Answer 31

when we have reliable sources, such as test-retesting study within different ways and detect same results from previous studies from each variable.

Question 32

what is external validity

Answer 32

the extent to which the results generalize to some larger population

Question 33

what is an example of external validity in a frequency claim

Answer 33

if i wanted to study student attitudes in school id take a sample of 10 out of 100 students and those 10 generalize the whole group of 100 students attitude in school.

Question 34

for external validity, what examples could you make for association and casual claims

Answer 34

association - if we find the sample of 10 students within a school of 100 say they felt a mood of happiness then we generalize that all the students in one school have that attitude

in casual we would try to say the same from other schools feel the same way

in association we would say that if those students were in relationships, would we find that people outside of school in relationships think the same thing.

Question 35

what is statistical validity

Answer 35

the extent to which the data supports the conclusions such as its associations being reasonable

Question 36

for statistical validity, how would we put those into the three claims

Answer 36

frequency - we could make the assumption that people who are tall have big feet

association - we make the assumption that tall people are more likley to have big feet than short people.

casual - we would look into tall people and genetics to wether the reasoning to have big feet is due to genetics or simply because they are tall.

Question 37

what are the types of scales in measurement

Answer 37

ordinal
nominal
ratio
interval

Question 38

what is an ordinal scale of measurment

Answer 38

set of categories that are organized in an ordered
sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or
magnitude

Question 39

what is an nominal scale of measurement

Answer 39

consists of a set of categories that have different names. Measurements on a nominal scale label and categorize observations, but do not make any
quantitative distinctions between observations.

Question 40

what is a ratio scale of measurement

Answer 40

an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero
point. With a ratio scale, ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude.

Question 41

what is a interval scale of measurement

Answer 41

ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the
same size. Equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in
magnitude. However, the zero point on an interval scale is arbitrary and does not
indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured.