lec 1

Question 1

Two types of genes play an important role in the development of cancer:

Answer 1

1-Oncogenes.
2-Tumor suppressor genes.

Question 2

regulators of normal cellular functions

Answer 2

Proto-oncogenes.

Question 3

Examples of tumor suppressor genes

Answer 3

1-Retinoblastoma (Rb) 1.
2- TP53.

Question 4

three cancer cell characteristics

Answer 4

1-tumor
size to increase exponentially.
2-resist programmed cell death.
3 grow new blood vessels (= angiogenesis.

Question 5

what are the cell cycle phases?

Answer 5

S phase.
M phase.
G1 and G2 phase.
G0 phase.

G1 is where cell Decide to start the cycle or not

Question 6

Schedule dependent drugs (Phase specific)

Answer 6

Antimetabolites: 3+Hydroxyurea: (S Phase specific)
1-Folate antagonist.
2-purine analogue.
3-pyrimidine analogue.
4-hydroxyurea.

Topoisomerase II inhibitors: 2A+E: (S&M Phase specific)
1-Anthracemedione.
2-Anthracyclines.
3-Epipodophyllotoxins.

Antimicrotubule agents: 4=THEV:(M phase specific)
1-Epothilones.
2-Halichondrin B analogue.
3-Taxanes.
4-Vinca alkaloids.

2A+E works on both M and S phase

Question 7

Dose Dependant Drugs (Phase non specific)

Answer 7

Anttumor antibiotics: BMD:
1-Bleomycin.
2-Dactinomycin.
3-Mitomycin.

Alkylating agents: PE2N+AT:
1-Alkyl sulfonates.
2-Ethylenimines.
3-Nitrogen mustard.
4-Nitrosureas.
5-Platinum analogues.
6-Triazened.

Question 8

Protiens that promote entry into the cell cycle and are overexpressed in several cancers

Answer 8

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

CDK inhibitors (type of targeted therapy )

Question 9

(how many checkpoints in the cell and what
is its function?)

Answer 9

there are 4 checkpoints and thier function is quality control

Question 10

what Regulates Cell Cycle checkpoints?

Answer 10

Cyclins and CDK’s

Question 11

What drug group is S phase specific?

Answer 11

antimetabolites

Question 12

Which drug is cell-cycle phase-nonspecific agent

Answer 12

Alkylating agents, such as Nitrogen mustards

Question 13

Treatment with chemotherapy is the primary curative modality for a few diseases, including?

Answer 13

1- leukemias,
2- lymphomas
3-choriocarcinomas,
4-testicular cancer

Most solid tumors are not curable with chemotherapy alone

Question 14

Cancer termenology Meanings

A cure

Answer 14

Implies that the patient is cancer free and has the same life expectency as cancer free indivdual.

Question 15

Cancer termenology Meanings

A complete response

Answer 15

Means complete disappearance of all cancer without evidence
of new disease for at least 1 month after treatment

Question 16

Cancer termenology Meanings

A partial response

Answer 16

Is defined as a 30% or greater decrease in the tumor size or other
objective disease markers,
and no evidence of any new disease for at least 1 month.

Question 17

Cancer termenology Meanings

Overall objective
response rates

Answer 17

for a given treatment are calculated by adding the CR and PR rates

CR= Complete response PR= partial response

Question 18

Cancer termenology Meanings

Progressive disease

Answer 18

Is defined as a 20% increase in the tumor size or the development
of any new lesions while receiving treatment

Question 19

Cancer termenology Meanings

Stable disease.

Answer 19

A patient whose tumor size neither grows nor shrinks

Question 20

Cancer termenology Meanings

Clinical benefit
response

Answer 20

It refers to patients who have clinical benefit as measured by
decreases in pain or analgesic consumption,or
Improved quality of life or performance status

Question 21

Response of Solid tumors is measured by

Answer 21

1- Elimination of abnormal cells
2- Return of tumor markers tonormal levels
3-improved function of affected organs

Question 22

Cancers where Chemotherapy has little or no
effect on palliation

Answer 22

1-Thyroid cancer
2- Hepatocellular cancer,
3- Renal cell carcinoma

Question 23

The resistant cancer cells possess the transporter(………..) which enhances
the export of these chemotherapies.

Answer 23

Pgp (P-glycoprotein)

Question 24

potential mechanisms of drug resistance include

Answer 24

1-Inactivation of chemotherapy by glutathione metabolism.
2-Alternative intracellular signaling pathways,
3- Up regulation = increase number of receptor
4-Decreased apoptosis.

Question 25

Defention

Dose intensity

Answer 25

is defined as the dose delivered to the patient over a specified
period of time

Question 26

three main variables that determine dose intensity

Answer 26

1-The dose per course,
2- The interval between doses,
3-The total cumulative dose

Question 27

Examples of a A predictive biomarker

Answer 27

1-EGFR, ALK in nonsmall cell lung cancer
2-HER2 in response to trastuzumab in breast cancer