lec 1 Flashcards
Two types of genes play an important role in the development of cancer:
1-Oncogenes.
2-Tumor suppressor genes.
regulators of normal cellular functions
Proto-oncogenes.
Examples of tumor suppressor genes
1-Retinoblastoma (Rb) 1.
2- TP53.
three cancer cell characteristics
1-tumor
size to increase exponentially.
2-resist programmed cell death.
3 grow new blood vessels (= angiogenesis.
what are the cell cycle phases?
S phase.
M phase.
G1 and G2 phase.
G0 phase.
G1 is where cell Decide to start the cycle or not
Schedule dependent drugs (Phase specific)
Antimetabolites: 3+Hydroxyurea: (S Phase specific)
1-Folate antagonist.
2-purine analogue.
3-pyrimidine analogue.
4-hydroxyurea.
Topoisomerase II inhibitors: 2A+E: (S&M Phase specific)
1-Anthracemedione.
2-Anthracyclines.
3-Epipodophyllotoxins.
Antimicrotubule agents: 4=THEV:(M phase specific)
1-Epothilones.
2-Halichondrin B analogue.
3-Taxanes.
4-Vinca alkaloids.
2A+E works on both M and S phase
Dose Dependant Drugs (Phase non specific)
Anttumor antibiotics: BMD:
1-Bleomycin.
2-Dactinomycin.
3-Mitomycin.
Alkylating agents: PE2N+AT:
1-Alkyl sulfonates.
2-Ethylenimines.
3-Nitrogen mustard.
4-Nitrosureas.
5-Platinum analogues.
6-Triazened.
Protiens that promote entry into the cell cycle and are overexpressed in several cancers
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
CDK inhibitors (type of targeted therapy )
(how many checkpoints in the cell and what
is its function?)
there are 4 checkpoints and thier function is quality control
what Regulates Cell Cycle checkpoints?
Cyclins and CDK’s
What drug group is S phase specific?
antimetabolites
Which drug is cell-cycle phase-nonspecific agent
Alkylating agents, such as Nitrogen mustards
Treatment with chemotherapy is the primary curative modality for a few diseases, including?
1- leukemias,
2- lymphomas
3-choriocarcinomas,
4-testicular cancer
Most solid tumors are not curable with chemotherapy alone
Cancer termenology Meanings
A cure
Implies that the patient is cancer free and has the same life expectency as cancer free indivdual.
Cancer termenology Meanings
A complete response
Means complete disappearance of all cancer without evidence
of new disease for at least 1 month after treatment
Cancer termenology Meanings
A partial response
Is defined as a 30% or greater decrease in the tumor size or other
objective disease markers,
and no evidence of any new disease for at least 1 month.
Cancer termenology Meanings
Overall objective
response rates
for a given treatment are calculated by adding the CR and PR rates
CR= Complete response PR= partial response
Cancer termenology Meanings
Progressive disease
Is defined as a 20% increase in the tumor size or the development
of any new lesions while receiving treatment
Cancer termenology Meanings
Stable disease.
A patient whose tumor size neither grows nor shrinks
Cancer termenology Meanings
Clinical benefit
response
It refers to patients who have clinical benefit as measured by
decreases in pain or analgesic consumption,or
Improved quality of life or performance status
Response of Solid tumors is measured by
1- Elimination of abnormal cells
2- Return of tumor markers tonormal levels
3-improved function of affected organs
Cancers where Chemotherapy has little or no
effect on palliation
1-Thyroid cancer
2- Hepatocellular cancer,
3- Renal cell carcinoma
The resistant cancer cells possess the transporter(………..) which enhances
the export of these chemotherapies.
Pgp (P-glycoprotein)
potential mechanisms of drug resistance include
1-Inactivation of chemotherapy by glutathione metabolism.
2-Alternative intracellular signaling pathways,
3- Up regulation = increase number of receptor
4-Decreased apoptosis.
