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Zool 242 > Lec 1 > Flashcards

Lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Intercellular communication

A

All activities of animals require cellular communication

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2
Q

autocrine

A

Relating to, promoted by, or being a substance secreted by a cell and acting on surface of receptors of the same cell

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3
Q

Paracrine

A

Created by a cell and acting on an adjacent cell

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4
Q

Endocrine

A

Producing secretions that are distributed in the bloodstream

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5
Q

Nervous system signaling

A

-Control functions of other cells
-Relatively fast
-Highly spatially selective
-Control discrete short term events
-Neurons can innervate the endocrine system

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6
Q

Endocrine system signaling

A

-Control functions of other cells
-Relatively slow
-Less spatially specific
-Control long term events
-Can act upon neurons

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7
Q

What are tissues under the influence of

A

Nervous and endocrine signaling

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8
Q

Cephalization

A

Growing from the head and outwards

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9
Q

Brain (or centralized ganglia)

A

Controls and coordinates other organs

Allows the organism to sense its environment and make decisions

Controls and coordinates muscle and movement

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10
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of neurons
-In the PNS of vertebrates

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11
Q

Nuclei

A

Collection of neurons in the CNS

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12
Q

Nerves

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS

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13
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of axons in the CNS

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14
Q

Interneurons are in the

A

CNS

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15
Q

Sensory and motor neurons are in

A

The PNS

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16
Q

Sympathetic

A

Calming

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17
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Arousing

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18
Q

CNS of vertebrates is encased in

A

Cartilage or bone

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19
Q

3 main divisions of brain

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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20
Q

PNS is divided into

A

Autonomic

Somatic

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21
Q

Somatic neurons

A

Do not have peripheral neuron-neuron synapse (no middle man, synapse goes directly to skeletal muscle)

22
Q

Autonomic neurons

A

Neurons synapse travel to ganglia then to heart (middle man)

23
Q

Somatic nervous system contains

A

Cranial nerves plus spinal nerves

24
Q

Third division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Enteric system- Innervates organs of alimentary canal

25
Q

Sympathetic

A

Active during stress

Mobilizing energy

Fight or flight

26
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Resting and digesting

Storing energy

27
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervate

A

Smooth muscle of body

Exocrine glands (pancreas)

Endocrine glands (adrenal glands)

Heart pacemaker

28
Q

Processes affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic system

A

Digestion

Heartbeat

Blood movement through vessels

Blood pressure

Lung passages

Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

29
Q

Enteric division

A

Supplied by input from the vagus nerve and spinal nerves

Receives input from sympathetic and parasympathetic

30
Q

Where is the enteric division

A

Esophagus

Stomach

Small and large intestines

Pancreas

Galbladder

31
Q

Why is the enteric division considered separate from the autonomic and sympathetic

A

It is considered a second brain with 200-600 million neurons, including interneurons and glial cells

32
Q

Ganglia of enteric system

A

Receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Parasympathetic from preganglia

Sympathetic receive input from postganglia

33
Q

Reticular theory (Golgi)

A

The brain is a single continuous network

34
Q

Cajal found

A

The neuron doctrine

Neurons are distinct separate cells separated by synapses

35
Q

Afferent

A

Convey info to neuron

36
Q

Efferent

A

Convey info from a neuron

37
Q

Interneurons

A

Connections between regions

38
Q

4 functional zones of neurons

A

Dendrites

Axon hillock

Axon

Signal transmission area

39
Q

Dendrites vs axons

A

Dendrites are rough because they have dendritic spines which allow synapses

Axon does not receive info from other cells and is covered in myelin

40
Q

Molecular motors that move materials across axons (microtubules)

A

Kinesin

Dynein

41
Q

Kinesin

A

Anterograde transport(away from cell body)

42
Q

Dynein

A

Retrograde transport (toward the cell body)

43
Q

Cell body

A

Known as soma

Location of nucleus

Site of mitochondrial biogenesis

44
Q

Glial cells

A

10x more glial cells than neurons

Provide structural support for the brain

Surround neurons and hold them in place

Insulate one neuron from another

Supply nutrients and oxygens to neurons

Destroy pathogens

Speed up axonal conduction

45
Q

5 types of glial cells

A

Schwann cells

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglial cells

Ependymal cells

46
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheaths in the PNS

47
Q

Oligendodrocytes

A

Provide myelin sheath in the CNS

48
Q

Astrocytes

A

Transport nutrients

Remove debris

Regular space around the synapse

49
Q

Microglia

A

Equivalent to macrophages- provide active immune defense

Most active following trauma/injury

Role in neurodegeneration

50
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line fluid-filled cavities (ventricles) of the brain

Circulate cerebral spinal fluid- ciliated

51
Q

Radial glia cells

A

Very important during development

Give rise to neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes

Scaffolds for neuronal migration in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices

52
Q

Electrical signals

A

Virtually identical in all nerve cells

Similar across species

Signals can be classified into 2 classes

Zool 242 (19 decks)

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