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IMMUNOLOGY Exam #1- Lo > Lec 02- Cells and Tissues of the Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

Lec 02- Cells and Tissues of the Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is CD?

A

cluster of differentiation

Defined subset of cellular surface receptors that identify cell type and stage of differentiation

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2
Q

Myeloid lineage of Pluripotent Stem Cell

A

Myeloid pregenitor

  • Megakaryocyte
  • Erythroblast
  • Myeloblast
  • Monocyte
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3
Q

Lymphoid lineage of Pluripotent Stem Cell

A

Lymphoid progenitor

  • T-cell precursor
  • B-cell precursor
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4
Q

Megakaryocyte&raquo_space; ______

A

Megakaryocyte&raquo_space; Platelets

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5
Q

Erythroblast&raquo_space; ________

A

Erythroblast&raquo_space; Erythrocytes

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6
Q

Myeloblast&raquo_space; ______, _____, ______

A

Myeloblast&raquo_space;

  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
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7
Q

Monoblast&raquo_space; ______, _____

A

Monoblast&raquo_space;

  • Monocytes
  • Dendritic cells
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8
Q

T-cell precursor&raquo_space; ________, _______

A

T-cell precursor&raquo_space;

  • Natural killer cells
  • T lymphocytes
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9
Q

B-cell precursor&raquo_space; ______

A

B-cell precursor&raquo_space; B lymphocytes

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10
Q

All blood cells develop from _______.

A

Common pluripotent stem cells

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11
Q

At what week of gestation do some stem cells migrate to the 1’ lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow)?

A

13th week of gestation

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12
Q

If naive lymphocytes do not recognize Ag, how long does it take for them to die?

A

1-3 months

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13
Q

What are resting lymphocytes?

A
  • Naive and Memory B and T lymphocytes
  • Not actively dividing
  • Not performing effector functions
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14
Q

What are small lymphocytes?

A
  • Naive and Memory B and T lymphocytes

- 8-10 um in diameter

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15
Q

Which lymphocytes are in a state of rest/ in the G0 stage of cell cycle?

A

Naive lymphocytes

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16
Q

When do naive lymphocytes enter the G1 stage before going on to divide?

A

in response to stimulation

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17
Q

What are large lymphocytes or lymphoblasts?

A
  • activated lymphocytes

- 10-12 um in diameter

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18
Q

What do immature T cells make contact with in the thymus?

A
  • specialized epithelial cells
  • dendritic cells
  • MO
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19
Q

T lymphocyte cell-to-cell interactions provide mechanisms for ______.

A

The selection and differentiation of T cells that can be used in the immune system

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20
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • soluble regulatory factors

- messengers for the immune system

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21
Q

Which cytokines play an important role in T cell development?

A

IL-1

IL-2

IL-6

IL-7

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22
Q

Following migration from the thymus, most mature naive T cells are maintained in ______.

A

the periphery without proliferating

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23
Q

The number of naive T cells in the ______ remains fairly constant in young adults.

A

in the periphery

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24
Q

Naive lymphocyte survival depends on ______.

A

Signals generated by:

  • Ag receptors (TCR or BCR)
  • cytokines
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25
Q

What can general survival signals even in the absence of Ag?

A

Ag receptor of naive B cells (BCR)

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26
Q

Naive TCRs weakly recognize self Ags, enough to generate survival signals but without triggering _____.

A

Without triggering:

  • Clonal expansion
  • Differentiation into effector cells
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27
Q

What is the most important cytokine for survival of naive T cells?

A

IL-7

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28
Q

What does IL-7 do?

A

promotes low-level cycling of naive T cells

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29
Q

What is required for naive B cell survival?

A

BAFF
B cell-activating factor

-a cytokine that belongs to the TNF family

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30
Q

T cell receptors are generated by ______ from multiple, inherited germ line genes.

A

gene rearrangement

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31
Q

T cells undergo selection to _______.

A

remove those that are highly self-reactive

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32
Q

What 2 types of T cells develop from selection?

A
  • Helper T cells

- Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

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33
Q

What do helper T cells express?

A

CD4

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34
Q

What is the function of helper T cells?

A

provide help for B cell growth and differentiation

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35
Q

What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) express?

A

CD8

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36
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

A

recognize and kill virus-infected cells

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37
Q

Where do functionally mature T cells migrate to, to mediate protection?

A

secondary lymphoid tissues

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38
Q

B cells start to develop from stem cells around what week of gestation?

A

14th week of gestation

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39
Q

Where does differentiation into B cells occur in a fetus and in an adult?

A 
Fetus = liver
Adult = bone marrow
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40
Q

What are important for development of B cells?

A

-Contact with stromal cells in bone marrow
-Cytokines:
> IL-1
> IL-6
> IL-7

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41
Q

As compared to the development of T cells, which cytokine is not required for proliferation of B cells?

A

IL-2

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42
Q

In the bone marrow, B cell precursors ________ multiple, inherited, germ line genes that encode B cell receptors (Abs) for recognition of Ag.

A

rearrange

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43
Q

Which B cells are eliminated?

A

B cells with BCRs that react with self-Ags = eliminated

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44
Q

What is the lifetime production site of B lymphocytes?

A

bone marrow

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45
Q

What are the 2 types of B cells?

A

B1 (fetal)

B2 (adult)

46
Q

What is the first Ab that is expressed on B cells?

A

IgM

47
Q

What is the second Ab that is expressed on B cells?

A

IgD

48
Q

Where do mature B cells migrate to?

A

2’ lymphoid tissues

respond to foreign Ags

49
Q

What happens when B cells are activated by Ag (sometimes with the help of T cells)?

A
  • proliferate in germinal centers

- mature into memory or plasma cells

50
Q

What are plasma cells?

A
  • terminally differentiated B cells

- produce and secrete large amounts of Abs

51
Q

What is a key step in the cooperation of Th cells with B cells for Ab responses to protein Ags?

A

B cells presenting Ags to helper T cells

52
Q

What % of the bone marrow white cell count is comprised of plasma cells?

A
  1. 2-2.8%

- rarely found in the peripheral blood

53
Q

Lymphocytes mature in _______ organs.

A

Generative lymphoid organs

54
Q

B lymphocyte lineage

A
  • Common lymphoid precursor
  • (Generative lymphoid organ) Bone marrow
  • Immature B lymphocytes
  • (Blood, lymph) Mature naive B lymphocytes
  • Recirculation
  • (Peripheral lymphoid organs) Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues
55
Q

T lymphocyte lineage

A
  • Common lymphoid precursor
  • (Generative lymphoid organ) Thymus
  • Naive T lymphocytes
  • (Blood, lymph) Naive T lymphocytes
  • Recirculation
  • (Peripheral lymphoid organs) Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues
56
Q

Which parts of the body do lymphocytes not circulate through continuously?

A
  • eyes
  • brain
  • testicles
57
Q

How do lymphocytes reach the lymph nodes, skin, and intestine?

A

via High Endothelium Venules (HEVs)

-a specialized endothelium of postcapillary venules

58
Q

Characteristics of cells of HEV

A
  • much higher than normal endothelial cells

- express high levels of adhesion molecules which serve as homing receptors for lymphocytes

59
Q

What do the lymphocytes do in response to chemokines?

A

migrate into the tissue

via diapedesis

60
Q

How do lymphocytes reenter the circulation?

A

via efferent lymph vessels that merge into the thoracic duct

61
Q

What do naive lymphocytes do when in the 2’ lymphoid tissues?

A
  • may respond to foreign Ags

- return by lymphatic drainage to the blood and recirculate through other 2’ lymphoid organs

62
Q

Steps of Lymphocyte Activation

A

1- Entry of infectious agents and/or environmental antigens
2- Collection of Ags from tissues via lymph and blood to 2’ lymphoid organs
3- Activation of lymphocytes
4- Initiation of adaptive immune responses
5- Migration of effector cells
6- Blood delivery of Abs to infection site

63
Q

Where do fully-mature naive T cells and immature B cells migrate to?

A

2’ lymphoid organs

Ex: Lymph nodes and spleen

64
Q

Where do B cells complete their maturation?

A

In lymph nodes and spleen

65
Q

Naive B and T cells activated by Ags differentiate into _____ and _____.

A

effector and memory lymphocytes

66
Q

Where do some effector and memory lymphocytes migrate into?

A

peripheral tissue infection sites

67
Q

What are secreted by effector B cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow and then enter the blood and are delivered to the infection sites?

A

Abs

68
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

A
  • capture, process, and display microbial Ags to lymphocytes

- provide signals that stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes

69
Q

Why do APCs usually refer to cells that display Ags to T lymphocytes?

A

Because B lymphocytes DO NOT need APCs for their activation

70
Q

What major type of APC is involved in initiating T cell responses?

A

Dendritic cell (DC)

71
Q

What are 2 other types of APCs?

A

Macrophages and B cells

Both present Ags to T lymphocytes

72
Q

What specialized cell type displays Ags to B lymphocytes during particular phases of humoral immune responses?

A

Follicular DCs

73
Q

What 2 types of cells are part of innate immune responses and provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity?

A
  • Dendritic cells

- Macrophages

74
Q

What cells are the most important for activation of naive T cells?

A

Dendritic cells (DCs)

75
Q

DCs have long _______ and _______ capabilities.

A

long membranous projections

phagocytic capabilities

76
Q

What lineage are DCs a part of?

A

Myeloid lineage

77
Q

What is the maturation of DCs dependent on?

A

FIt3 ligand

  • a type of cytokine
  • binds to the Flt3 tyrosine kinase receptor on precursor cells
78
Q

Macrophages and DCs express receptors that recognize Ags that are typically made by _____

A

Microbes

NOT mammalian cells

79
Q

What do activated DCs also secrete?

A

cytokines

80
Q

Where do Classical DCs reside?

A
  • skin
  • mucosa
  • organ parenchyma
81
Q

Upon activation by microbes, Classical DCs migrate to lymph nodes where they __________.

A

display microbial protein Ags to T lymphocytes

82
Q

What are Plasmacytoid DCs?

A

early cellular responders to viral infection

83
Q

What do plasmacytoid DCs recognize?

A

nucleic acids of intracellular viruses

84
Q

What do plasmacytoid DCs produce?

A
  • soluble proteins

- type I interferons (IFN-a,b)

85
Q

IFN-a/b have __________ activities

A

potent antiviral

86
Q

During inflammatory response in the tissues, DCs may also be derived from ________.

A

circulating monocytes

87
Q

What are FDCs?

A

Follicular Dendritic Cells

-have membranous projections intermingled in collections of activated B cells

88
Q

Where do FDCs reside?

A

In lymphoid follicles of:

  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Mucosal lymphoid tissues
89
Q

FDCs are ______ to the DCs that present Ags to T lymphocytes

A

unrelated

90
Q

FDCs bind and display protein Ags on their surfaces for recognition by ________

A

B lymphocytes

91
Q

FDCs can retain ________ on their cell surfaces for extended periods of time

A

complement-fixed Ags

92
Q

What do the retained immune complexes on the FDCs provide?

A

the antigenic stimulus that drives Ab affinity maturation

93
Q

Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) include _______ derived cells with lymphoid morphology.

A

bone marrow-derived cells

94
Q

3 ILC Functions

A
  • Early defense against infectious pathogens
  • Recognize stressed/damaged host cells and help eliminate them
  • Influence the nature of subsequent adaptive immune response
95
Q

What are the first and best characterized innate lymphoid cells?

A

Natural killer cells

96
Q

What do natural killer cells secrete?

A

Cytokine IFN-gamma

97
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

kill infected and damaged cells

98
Q

The HSC niche contributes to the control of ______, ______, _______, and ______.

A

contributes control of:

  • HSC quiescence
  • proliferation
  • self-renewal
  • differentiation
99
Q

What region supports hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and other types of hematopoietic cells (progenitors)?

A

bone marrow

100
Q

What does the niche within the bone consist of?

A

Network of:

  • vessels
  • nerve fibers
  • bone remodeling cells
  • subpopulations of hematopoietic cells
101
Q

HSC&raquo_space; _____ and _____

A

HSC&raquo_space; Myeloid and Lymphoid progenitors

102
Q

HSC function to ____ and ____.

A
  • increase homing to bone marrow

- increase proximity to endosteum

103
Q

Lymphoid and Myeloid progenitors function to _____ and ____.

A
  • increase regenerative capacity

- balance differentiation

104
Q

What 2 cell zones make up the white pulp of the spleen?

A

T cell and B cell zones

105
Q

What is adjacent to the trabecular artery of the spleen?

A
  • periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (T cells)

- a lymphoid follicle with a germinal layer (B cells)

106
Q

What is the naive lymphocyte pathway in the lymph node?

A
  • enter lymph node through artery

- leave by moving across wall of high endothelial venule

107
Q

What draws B cells and T cells to migrate to different zones of the lymph nodes?

A

chemokines that are produced in the area

108
Q

What picks up Ags from the sites of Ag entry of lymph nodes?

A

dendritic cells

109
Q

What type of lymphatic vessels in the lymph nodes do Ags enter through?

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

110
Q

Where do dendritic cells migrate to in lymph nodes?

A

T cell-rich areas of the lymph node

111
Q

Inactive vs. Active lymph node

A

Inactive = primary follicle

Active = secondary follicle

IMMUNOLOGY Exam #1- Lo (6 decks)

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