Learning Theory II

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

describe classical conditioning of drug-opposite effects

Answer 3

• the direct effects of some drugs may be classically conditioned
• however, the effect of introducing some drugs into the body also involves a compensatory response, opposite to the direct drug affects
• such drug opposite effects are also subject to conditioning:
  
  • conditioned tolerance
  • conditioned withdrawal

Question 4

describe Siegel’s conclusions about drug tolerance through classical conditioning

Answer 4

• through classical conditioning aspects of the tolerance response become associated with environmental stimuli and occur prior to drug administration
• such CRs are viewed as anticipatory and prepare the body for arrival of the drug

Question 5

Answer 5

lack of conditioned tolerance

• the normal cues are no longer present

Question 6

describe conditioned withdrawal

Answer 6

• subjects were physically dependent methadone users experiencing withdrawal symptoms during detox
• conditioning trials involved presenting subjects with smell of spearmint (CS) during withdrawal
• through classical conditioning, the CS later elicited a CR mimicking aspects of the withdrawal syndrome
• O’Brien concludes that conditioned withdrawal symptoms increase likelihood of relapse (use of drug quells such aversive withdrawal-like symptoms)

Question 7

clicker #2

Answer 7

CSs that triggered drug-opposite effects, resulting in withdrawal symptoms

Question 8

describe drug-like effect in classical conditioning

Answer 8

Question 9

describe an everyday example of drug-like effect

Answer 9

Question 10

describe conditioned tolerance

Answer 10

Question 11

describe classical conditioning of phobias

Answer 11

Question 12

describe classical conditioning involved in PTSD and acute stress disorder

Answer 12

Question 13

describe conditioning of panic attacks

Answer 13

• initial panic attacks occur in an environment that involves both external and internal stimuli
  
  • external stimuli: shopping malls and escalators
  • internal stimuli: somatic sensations such as increased HR, palpitations, breathlessness
• through conditioning, such stimuli may in the future serve as CSs that elicit anxiety
• this leads to spiraling anxiety, physical symptoms, and catastrophic thoughts (full-blown panic attack)

Question 14

describe agoraphobic avoidance

Answer 14

• many people who develop panic attacks and panic disorder develop agroraphobic avoidance of external and internal stimuli previously associated with panic attack
• external CSs that are often avoided include malls, driving, and standing in line
• the person may also seek to avoid internal CSs such as sensations resembling those experienced in the panic attacks
  
  • activites that produce elevated heart rate (exercise, scary movies, high caffeine intake, sexual activity) may be avoided

Question 15

describe the acquisition of a fetish

Answer 15

Question 16

clicker #3

Answer 16

the prior needle injection

Question 17

clicker #4

Answer 17

red, white and blue capsule (without acetaminophen)

• used to be neutral, but it got paired with acetaminophen and now it takes on the value of acetaminophen