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Learning Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What is an extinction burst?

A

Increase in the frequency or intensity of an unwanted behavior in a dog.

Occurs when the dog is nor longer being reinforced. This can get worse before it gets better.

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2
Q

What should you avoid rewarding during behavior modification?

A

Do not reward spontaneous recovery.

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3
Q

Define habituation.

A

Getting used to it/acclimation.

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4
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

Improve the association by pairing high value to the dog with the problem situation.

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5
Q

What must the reward be in counter conditioning?

A

Strong enough to overcome the problem.

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6
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Original emotion is changed to another emotion.

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7
Q

Dogs is scared of the mailman. You give him a treat. Now the dog anticipates the treat when they see the mailman. This is an example of _____ ___________.

A

Counter conditioning.

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Conditioned to perform a behavior physically incompatible with the problem behavior.

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9
Q

You teach your dog to hold a ball when seeing mailman for prep of catch — the dog chooses to play instead of bark. This is an example of ________ ___________.

A

operant conditioning.

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10
Q

What does the law of parsimony state?

A

The simplest, obvious answer is usually the best.

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11
Q

Bringing a carpet from vet to get used to it. Wearing hats to get use to it. Is an example of _________.

A

Habituation.

Stop the above if having a bad time

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12
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learned association between 2 events: one is neutral, one elicits an unconditioned response.

Classical conditioning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, famously illustrated by Pavlov’s experiments with dogs.

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13
Q

Who is associated with the concept of classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning.

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14
Q

What is a primary unconditioned response?

A

A response that is naturally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus, such as food.

In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation in response to food is an example of a primary unconditioned response.

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15
Q

What is a conditioned reinforcer in classical conditioning?

A

A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

In Pavlov’s experiments, the sound of a bell became a conditioned reinforcer when associated with food.

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16
Q

What does the learning equation describe DC/CC?

A

This notation typically refers to the process of desensitization and counter conditioning.

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17
Q

What is flooding mean?

A

Exposing an animal to the maximum intensity of an anxiety-provoking stimulus with no means to escape.

Flooding can lead to learned helplessness if the animal does not learn to cope with the stimulus.

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18
Q
  1. Sitting next to a scared dog’s crate to help them feel better about your presence.
  2. Taking a scared dog to a closed-in park where they cannot escape.

These are example of _____ behavior modulation.

A

Flooding

These methods aim to gradually reduce the dog’s fear through direct exposure.

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19
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

Re-associating fear by gradually exposing the animal to what is scary while keeping the animal in control.

This technique is often used in conjunction with relaxation strategies.

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20
Q

What is response substitution?

A

Look at handler instead instead of a lunge to modify behavior.

This technique aims to replace undesirable behaviors with more desirable ones.

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21
Q

True or False: Emotional states can be conditioned.

A

True

Classical conditioning can influence emotional responses through learned associations.

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22
Q

What are the three components of operant conditioning?

A

A - Antecedent, B - Behavior, C - Consequence

These components help to understand how behaviors are influenced by preceding stimuli and following outcomes.

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23
Q

What occurs before the behavior in operant conditioning?

A

Antecedent

The antecedent sets the stage for the behavior to occur.

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24
Q

What is the term for anything that happens after a behavior?

A

Consequence

Consequences can be positive or negative and influence future behavior.

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25
In operant conditioning, what forms an association?
Behavior and consequence ## Footnote This association helps to reinforce or discourage specific behaviors.
26
What is this an example of: Dog hears fridge noise → goes to fridge → owner gives dog a bite.
operant conditioning (ABC). ## Footnote This scenario illustrates how a behavior is reinforced through a positive consequence.
27
What affects the outcome of training in dogs?
The dog's condition (e.g., aroused state) ## Footnote A dog's emotional state can impact how well it learns and responds to training.
28
What is 'behavior emitted' in the context of dog training?
A behavior that is naturally performed by the dog ## Footnote This refers to actions the dog takes on its own without prompting.
29
What is 'behavior elicited' in dog training?
A behavior that is prompted or assisted by the trainer ## Footnote This involves guiding the dog to perform a specific action.
30
What is operant conditioning?
A learning process where behavior is modified through consequences.
31
How does a dog's behavior operate in relation to its environment?
The dog's behavior can affect its environment.
32
If a dog sits, grandma then pets the dog, dog chooses to sit more often. This is an example of?
Positive reinforcement ##footnote You’re adding something and the outcomes is good!
33
If the dog is standing, grandma leaves, then standing by the dog decreases, this is an example of?
Negative punishment ##footnote You’re removing yourself from the situation to decrease a behavior from happening again.
34
What is a primary reinforcer?
Naturally valued items such as food and water.
35
How does food affect a dog's nervous system?
Food activates the dog's parasympathetic nervous system, which can calm the dog.
36
What is random reinforcement?
Reinforcement that is provided intermittently and unpredictably. Every two times or every 3 times, maybe back to two times. Use randomly. ##footnote Usually used to maintain behaviors already constructed.
37
This an example of what type of schedule of reinforcement: Reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses.
frequency-based patterns of reinforcement.
38
What is interval-based reinforcement?
Reinforcement is released for the first response after a certain amount of time since the previous reinforcement.
39
Fill in the blank: In fixed patterns, the number of responses or time remains the _______.
same
40
What characterizes variable patterns in reinforcement?
The number of responses or the amount of time are random but rotate around a certain value.
41
If a dog is standing, grandma squirts the dog with water, causing the dog to not stand as much, this is an example of?
Positive punishment ##footnote You’re adding in an aversive to stop a behavior
42
If a dog stands, dad pulls leash up causing the dog to sit, dad then removes the pressure from the leash, causing the dog to sit more. This is an example of?
Negative reinforcement ##footnote Effectively reinforcing the sit behavior by removing the uncomfortable pressure. (Removing an unpleasant stimuli)
43
What is a Fixed Frequency/Ratio?
One reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses.
44
What is a Variable Frequency/Ratio?
Reinforcer is delivered after a varying number of responses.
45
What is a Fixed Interval Pattern?
Reinforcement is provided after a fixed amount of time.
46
What is a Variable Interval Pattern?
Reinforcement is provided after varying amounts of time.
47
Which type of reinforcement pattern produces higher response frequencies?
Frequency-based patterns
48
What does a Fixed Interval pattern result in?
A pause in response immediately after reinforcement ## Footnote Followed by a gradual increase in response frequency that peaks near the next reinforcement.
49
What is a Variable Interval pattern known for?
Produces stable responses with low to moderate frequency responses
50
What is Differential Reinforcement?
Rewarding the best examples of a very specific desired behavior ## Footnote Focuses on quality, not quantity, to reduce unwanted behavior.
51
What can Fixed Reinforcement schedules cause?
Delay in response ## Footnote Fixed schedules may lead to predictable pauses after reinforcement.
52
What can Variable Reinforcement schedules increase?
Demand on trainers ## Footnote They may also reduce the likelihood that a dog stops responding.
53
What schedule of reinforcement is this: One coin is put in the piggy bank every 5 dishes washed. For every two steps walking nicely on leash, dog gets a treat.
Fixed frequency/ratio
54
What type of schedule of reinforcement do you want to choose if the dog is learning something new, but you don’t want to reward every performance?
Fixed frequency/ratio.
55
What schedule of reinforcement is being used: One coin is put in the piggy bank after 5 dishes, then after 3, then after 6. Your dog gets a treat when walking on a leash when he is next to your side after 5 steps, then after 3, then after 6
Variable frequency/ratio
56
When would you use variable frequency/ratio
Once a dog has already learned a skill and you want to maintain the behavior
57
What schedule of reinforcement is this: Praising a dog after 5 minutes of staying down. Rewarding your child for sitting at the table silently after 5 minutes.
Fixed interval
58
When do you wanna do fixed interval?
When you want to build duration.
59
What schedule of reinforcement is this? Reward your dog for staying down. You leave and come back after 5 mins and praise your dog as soon as you see him on the ground in a down position. Do this again after 3 minutes. Then after 4.
Variable interval
60
When do you want to do variable interval?
Build duration + time dependent
61
What happens to behavior during extinction?
Behavior becomes extinct when there stops being any reinforcement.
62
What is luring?
Luring involves controlling head and body to assist with behavior reinforcement.
63
What can be added before a lure to assist with fading?
Verbal cues can be added before a lure.
64
What is a potential consequence of excessive shaping of behavior?
Excessive shaping may lead to extinction.
65
What is chaining in behavior training?
Chaining involves teaching behaviors separately in small sequential steps.
66
True or false: when fading a lure, you add the lure before the verbal cue
False ##footnote You should add your verbal cue before lure to help with fade.
67
What is operant conditioning?
A learning process through which the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
68
What does R+ signify in operant conditioning?
Addition of a good stimulus to increase behavior
69
What does P+ signify in operant conditioning?
Addition of a bad stimulus to decrease behavior
70
What does R- signify in operant conditioning?
Removal of a stimulus to increase behavior
71
What does P- signify in operant conditioning?
Removal of a good stimulus to decrease behavior
72
What is the purpose of R+ in operant conditioning?
To increase the occurrence of a behavior
73
A dog sitting and receiving a click/treat is an example of what operant condition:
Positive reinforcement
74
A trainer squirted a dog with a bottle of water to stop a behavior, this is an example of what operant condition:
Positive punishment
75
Which operant condition does this fall under: a clients dog stands, the owner pulls up on the gentle leader. When the dog sits, the owner releases pressure. The dog sits increase. 1. R+ 2. P- 3. P+ 4. R-
4. Negative reinforcement
76
Which operant condition does this fall under: the dog is standing, the owner leaves, dog starts to stand less often. 1. R+ 2. P- 3. P+ 4. R-
2. Negative punishment
77
True or False: R- involves the addition of a stimulus.
False
78
Fill in the blank: In operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a behavior is called a _______.
[reinforcer]
79
Fill in the blank: A stimulus that decreases the occurrence of a behavior is called a _______.
[punisher]
80
What is classical conditioning?
Learning where a neutral stimulus elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ## Footnote Example: A tone (CS) paired with food (UCS) can lead to salivation (CR) after learning.
81
What does CS stand for in classical conditioning?
Conditioned Stimulus ## Footnote The stimulus that was previously neutral but becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus
82
What is the relationship between CS and UCS?
CS (tone) → UCS (food) ## Footnote The CS is presented prior to the UCS to create a learned association
83
What does CR stand for?
Conditioned Response ## Footnote The learned response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented
84
What is UCR?
Unconditioned Response ## Footnote The natural response that occurs in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
85
What is the definition of instrumental learning?
Learning that results in a consequence, where behavior affects the environment ## Footnote Often referred to as operant conditioning
86
What is the Law of Effect formulated by Thorndike?
Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, while those followed by negative outcomes are weakened
87
What does SD represent in operant conditioning?
Discriminative Stimulus ## Footnote A stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement following a response
88
Fill in the blank: In operant conditioning, A stands for _______.
Antecedent ## Footnote The discriminative stimulus that precedes a behavior
89
Fill in the blank: In operant conditioning, B = _______.
Behavior ## Footnote The response made by the organism
90
Fill in the blank: In operant conditioning, C = _______.
Consequence ## Footnote The stimulus that follows the behavior, which can reinforce or punish
91
What does SD → R → S stand for?
Where SD is the discriminative stimulus, R is the response, and S is the consequence
92
True or False: In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is always elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS).
False ## Footnote The UCS naturally elicits a response without prior conditioning
93
What is habituation?
Ability to stop reacting to meaningless stimuli ## Footnote Example: A dog stops reacting to the sound of keys dropped on the floor over time.
94
What is spontaneous recovery?
When a previously habituated response returns after a period of time ## Footnote Example: A dog that stopped startle responses may startle again days later.
95
What does sensitization refer to?
Reaction becomes stronger in response to stimuli ## Footnote Example: A dog taken to a gun range repeatedly may react more strongly to loud noises.
96
What are changes on antecedent stimuli?
Alterations in the stimuli that precede a behavior ## Footnote This can affect how a subject reacts to certain situations.
97
What is negative punishment?
The removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior ## Footnote Example: Taking away a toy to reduce a child's misbehavior.
98
What is negative reinforcement?
The removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior ## Footnote Example: Buckling a seatbelt to stop the annoying beep in a car.
99
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or performance ## Footnote This type of learning may not be immediately evident.
100
What are the 4 stages of learning?
* Acquisition * Fluency * Generalization * Maintenance ## Footnote Each stage reflects a different aspect of the learning process.
101
What is differential reinforcement?
Only certain rates or types of responses are reinforced ## Footnote This concept is crucial for shaping behavior effectively.
102
Fill in the blank: The ability to stop reacting to meaningless stimuli is known as _______.
habituation
103
Fill in the blank: The reaction becoming stronger in response to repeated stimuli is called _______.
sensitization

Cpdt-ka (6 decks)

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