Learning Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the assumptions?

A

-All behaviour is learned from experience and therefore can be changed.
• Only measurable and observable behaviour should be considered.
• It is useful to study animals to understand behaviour as the same processes produce learning for both humans and other animals
-You are born as tabula rasa

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association- two stimulate together to produce the same response

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3
Q

what happens before learning?

A

(UCS) produces a reflex response called an unconditioned response. A stimulus that produces no response is called a neutral stimulus (NS)

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4
Q

What happens during learning?

A

A neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) i.e. they both occur together. The unconditioned response (UCR) occurs in response to the UCS

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5
Q

What happens after learning?

A

Through associating the NS with the UCS, the NS now elicits (produces) the same response.
This response is now referred to as the (CR). The NS is now called the (CS).

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6
Q

what did pavlov discover when researching digestion in dogs? (using designed apparatus to measure salivation)

A

When he entered the room, the dogs salivation increased whereas initially the dog would only salivate in the presence of food

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7
Q

How did Pavlov investigate why this happened?

A

ringing a bell (NS) at the same time as -presenting food to the dog (UCS).
-dog would salivate in response to the food (UCR).
-found that following repeated ‘pairings’ of the (NS) and (UCS), when he rang the bell without any food being present (CS), the dog still salivated (CR).
-Pavlov was able to show that through the learning of an ‘association’ between two stimuli (NS + UCS) a ‘conditioned response’ (CR) can be produced. Pavlov’s findings led to the theory of classical conditioning.

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8
Q

What did Pablo discover once the animal has been conditioned?

A

once an animal has been conditioned, they will also respond to other stimuli that are similar to the CS. (stimulus generalisation)

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9
Q

what is extinction?

A

unlike the UCR, the CR does not become permanently established as a response. After a few presentations of the CS in the absence of the UCS, it loses its ability to produce the CR.

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10
Q

what is a operant conditioning?

A

This is learning by consequence.

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

This is learning by consequence.

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12
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

-one way in which learning by consequence’ occurs.
- strengthens learning, increasing the frequency of behaviour.

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13
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Something rewarding is gained as a result of performing a behaviour, so the frequency of the behaviour increases.

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14
Q

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

-as a consequence of doing well in a test a student gains a sense of pride; this increases the frequency of revising well in future.

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15
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Something unpleasant is removed or avoided as a result of performing a behaviour, so the frequency of the behaviour increases.

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16
Q

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

A

hitting the button on an alarm clock stops the unpleasant ringing; this increases the frequency of hitting the button in future when the alarm clock rings.

17
Q

What is a skinner box?

A

-a piece of equipment used to investigate operant conditioning. -supported the theory that learning by consequence can occur through positive and negative reinforcement.

18
Q

How was positive reinforcement researched?

A

Every time the rat activated a lever in the box it was rewarded with a food pellet. The rat would be positively reinforced for pressing the lever (by receiving food) so this behaviour is likely to be repeated and becomes a learned behaviour. The food pellets act as a positive reinforcer for pressing the lever.

19
Q

How did Skinner research negative reinforcement?

A

The rat was electrocuted through the use of an electric grid in the box. However, when the rat pressed the lever, the electric shocks stopped. Through negative reinforcement the rat learned that by pressing the lever in order to avoid the electric shock and so the lever-pressing behaviour is likely to be repeated.

20
Q

What does a punishment do to behaviour?

A

weaken it