Learning theory Flashcards

1
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian- classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning). Salivation in dogs

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2
Q

John Watson

A

-Father of behaviorism
-American
-CC
-classical conditioning can explain all aspects of behavior
- baby Albert - pairing rat with loud noise

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3
Q

Edward thorndike

A

-basis of learning relies on the association between stimulus and a response (action taken by animal)- called a connection
-most learning stems from trial and error
- problem box
- law of effect- strengthening or weakening of a connection, depending on the consequences
- good experiences increase likelihood of behavior
-bad experiences reduce likelihood
-foundation for the concept of operant conditioning

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4
Q

Burrhus Frederick Skinner

A
  • father of operant conditioning
    -Learning happens as the result of the causes of an action and it’s consequences
    -operant conditioning - action and consequence
    -introduces the term reinforcement
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5
Q

David premack

A

-premack principle; animals more likely to do behaviors they enjoy than not enjoy.
-animal will perform lower probability behavior in order to perform the higher probability behavior

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning through association.

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7
Q

Three stages of classical conditioning

A
  1. Before conditioning- unconditioned stimulus (US) (food) and unconditioned response (UR or UCR) (natural response) - no learning has taken place yet
  2. During conditioning - pairing neutral stimulus (NS) and Conditioned stimulus (CS)
  3. After conditioning- UR becoming conditioned response (CR) - dog salivates at sound of bell
  4. Second order conditioning- squeaky hinge to food cabinet predicts food bag rustle, predicts meal time
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8
Q

Classical conditioning learning modes

A
  1. Acquisition- timing is important
  2. Extinction
  3. Spontaneous recovery
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9
Q

Extinction

A

Decrease in the conditioned response when CS is presented WITHOUT the US

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10
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

After extinction, if there is a period of rest, you can see old association come back

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11
Q

Classical counterconditioning

A

-Change response to previously learned stimuli
-new conditioned emotional response

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12
Q

Desensitization

A

-typically used with CC
-gradual exposure to stimulus
- dog stays under threshold

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13
Q

Operant conditioning

A

-learning associations between behaviors and consequences
- thorndikes law of effect
-ABCs of learning

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14
Q

Operant

A

Any behavior that operates on the environment to generate consequences

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15
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increases behavior

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16
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases behavior

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17
Q

Positive

A

Stimulus is added

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18
Q

Negative

A

Stimulus is removed

19
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Anything that is biologically important to the survival of an animal- food, water, sleep, touch, pleasure, access to mates, going to the bathroom.
- also called unconditioned reinforcers

20
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Sound of a clicker

21
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

A

For every correct response, a reward is given (most often used during acquisition)

22
Q

Intermittent reinforcement schedule

A

Not every correct response receives a reward

23
Q

Fixed interval (FI)

A

fixed amount of time between rewards. Leash productive and most likely to lead to extinction

24
Q

Variable interval (VI)

A

Changing, unfixed interval of time between reinforcement. Dog is rewarded for sit stay after random amount of time

25
Q

Interval

A

Has to do with amount of time

26
Q

Ratio

A

Has to do with the number of responses

27
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Dog is rewarded every third response

28
Q

Variable ratio

A

Dog performs rando number of times and then rewarded. Slot machine model

29
Q

Extinction

A

Disappearance of previously learned behavior.
-reinforcement stops
-learned behavior no longer displayed
-in classical conditioning, conditioned reinforcer loses its value, in operant conditioning, the behavior loses its value

30
Q

Prompting

A

Lure, gently touching,
Anything you use to back up your initial cue.
Should be faded as soon as behavior is reliable

31
Q

OC: Stimulus control

A

-discriminations
-generalization

32
Q

Classical vs operant conditioning

A

Classical- response is emotional or invountary physiological response
Operant- response is voluntary. Learns that he quit has consequences. Dog has some control. Conscious voluntary action.
-association vs. if I do x, the result will
Be y

33
Q

Operant counter conditioning

A

Voluntary alternative behavior

34
Q

Desensitization

A

-form of non-associative learning
-gradual exposure
- animal learns to ignore stimulus

35
Q

Habituation

A

Form of non-associative learning where the dog gets used to or ignores a stimulus. Desensitization is a form of habituation.
-doesn’t come with rewards or punishments

36
Q

Extinction

A

Similar to but not the same as negative punishment
-dog gets no reward

37
Q

Learned irrelevance

A
38
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Mental state that occurs after an animal is forced to experience repeated aversive stimuli
-dog learns that have no control over avoiding aversive stimuli- dog gives up

39
Q

DifferentiL reinforcement

A

-DR of alternate behavior
-DR of incompatible behavior
-DR of other behavior (any other behavior)
-DR of excellent behavior - start to nitpick. Sticking to specific criteria.

40
Q

Stimulus control

A
  1. Dog offers behavior as soon as cue is given
  2. Won’t offer when not cued
  3. Won’t give in response to another cue
  4. Won’t display another behavior for that cue
41
Q

Blocking

A

When a cue a dog already knows gets in his way of learning a new cue for same behavior. If presenting hand signal and verbal at the same time.

42
Q

Overshadowing

A

Similar to blocking. Body language is more salient- overshadows verbal cue

43
Q

Modeling/ molding

A

Physically manipulating the dog