Learning theory Flashcards
Ivan Pavlov
Russian- classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning). Salivation in dogs
John Watson
-Father of behaviorism
-American
-CC
-classical conditioning can explain all aspects of behavior
- baby Albert - pairing rat with loud noise
Edward thorndike
-basis of learning relies on the association between stimulus and a response (action taken by animal)- called a connection
-most learning stems from trial and error
- problem box
- law of effect- strengthening or weakening of a connection, depending on the consequences
- good experiences increase likelihood of behavior
-bad experiences reduce likelihood
-foundation for the concept of operant conditioning
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
- father of operant conditioning
-Learning happens as the result of the causes of an action and it’s consequences
-operant conditioning - action and consequence
-introduces the term reinforcement
David premack
-premack principle; animals more likely to do behaviors they enjoy than not enjoy.
-animal will perform lower probability behavior in order to perform the higher probability behavior
Classical conditioning
Learning through association.
Three stages of classical conditioning
- Before conditioning- unconditioned stimulus (US) (food) and unconditioned response (UR or UCR) (natural response) - no learning has taken place yet
- During conditioning - pairing neutral stimulus (NS) and Conditioned stimulus (CS)
- After conditioning- UR becoming conditioned response (CR) - dog salivates at sound of bell
- Second order conditioning- squeaky hinge to food cabinet predicts food bag rustle, predicts meal time
Classical conditioning learning modes
- Acquisition- timing is important
- Extinction
- Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
Decrease in the conditioned response when CS is presented WITHOUT the US
Spontaneous recovery
After extinction, if there is a period of rest, you can see old association come back
Classical counterconditioning
-Change response to previously learned stimuli
-new conditioned emotional response
Desensitization
-typically used with CC
-gradual exposure to stimulus
- dog stays under threshold
Operant conditioning
-learning associations between behaviors and consequences
- thorndikes law of effect
-ABCs of learning
Operant
Any behavior that operates on the environment to generate consequences
Reinforcement
Increases behavior
Punishment
Decreases behavior
Positive
Stimulus is added