Ethology

Question 1

When did dogs become genetically different from grey wolves

Answer 1

Around 130,000 years ago

Question 2

Dogs branched off from grey wolves

Answer 2

33,000 canid lupus familiarius- became own species

Question 3

When did dogs become domesticated

Answer 3

(Taimyr wolf) 27,000-40,000 years ago

Question 4

Goyet dog skull

Answer 4

36,000 years old

Question 5

Humans began selectively breeding dogs

Answer 5

300-500 years ago

Question 6

Coop enters theory of domestication

Answer 6

Wolves domesticated themselves at end of ice age around 11,500 years ago when people because to move into settlements- “survival of the friendliest”

Question 7

Belyayevs foxes

Answer 7

-curly tails, floppy ears, spotted coats
-affiliation behaviors

Question 8

Wolves vs dogs- body

Answer 8

Wolves: larger skulls, narrower chest, smaller ears. Longer legs. Yellow or golden eyes. Larger paws. Greater brain to body mass ratio.
Dogs: smaller skulls, rounder faces, larger eyes. Wide hips and chests and shorter legs. Inter species socialization

Question 9

Wolves vs dogs- sexual maturity

Answer 9

Wolves: 1-3 years old. Estrus once a year. Do not retain playfulness of juveniles.
Dogs: 6-8 months (estrus twice a year)

Question 10

Wolves vs dogs: socialization period

Answer 10

Wolves: less than 21 days
Dogs: 12-16 weeks

Question 11

Neonatal period

Answer 11

Birth to 14-16 days
Eyes/ears closed
Trust everything/no fear
Respond to warmth, touch, smell
Cannot regulate body functions (temperature/elimination)
ENS

Question 12

Transition period

Answer 12

Day 14-16 to day 21
Eyes/ears open but limited sight/hearing
Begins to control bodily functions
Good time for breeders to begin socialization by introducing novel
Stimuli to the welling box.

Question 13

Awareness period

Answer 13

Sub period of canine socialization period.
21-28 days
All senses functioning
Rapid sensory development
Puppies are able to retain what they begin learning at this time

Question 14

Primary/Canine socialization

Answer 14

21-49 days (3-7 weeks)
-bond to things around them
-quick startle/recovery
-first fear response around 5 weeks old
- should be with littermates during this time and should be with mom at least until 5 weeks
- learn to communicate with littermates- bite inhibition
-mom starts to wean puppies
- should be exposed to Nobel stimuli

Question 15

Secondary/human socialization period

Answer 15

7-12 weeks
Peak of bonding with other species
Critical socialization - people, sights, sounds, etc.

Question 16

First fear impact period

Answer 16

8-11 weeks
Fear of novelty
Traumatic experiences at risk to be generalized.
Also when puppy gets first vaccinations- important experience is good

Question 17

Secondary socialization period??

Answer 17

12-16 weeks
Age of independence - some puppies may test Boundaries or explore more
Effective socialization closes

Question 18

Flight instinct/juvenile period

Answer 18

4-8 months
Puppy will “test his wings”
Lose deciduous teeth
Sexual development
Likened to human toddler phase
Majority of growth will occur

Question 19

Second fear impact/adolescence

Answer 19

5 to 18 months
Social development continues
Fear of new situations
May experience one or more fear periods

Question 20

Maturity

Answer 20

1-4 years
Improved social skills
Emotional and physical maturity don’t have to line up

Question 21

Senior

Answer 21

Over 7 years
Decline or loss of some senses
Cognitive decline

Question 22

Species-specific behavior

Answer 22

-chasing
-digging
-chewing
-barking
-biting

Question 23

Averted eyes

Answer 23

Submission, appeasement, deference or fear

Question 24

Squinting

Answer 24

Appeasement, submission or happy greeting

Question 25

Hard stare

Answer 25

Alertness, assertiveness or arousal - dog is uncomfortable

Question 26

Whale eye

Answer 26

Stress, anxiety, fear

Question 27

Forward and relaxed ears

Answer 27

Attentive, curious, friendly

Question 28

Forward and pricked

Answer 28

Excitement, arousal, assertiveness

Question 29

Ears back, relaxed and dropped

Answer 29

Can indicate dog is relaxed or friendly

Question 30

Ears pinned back

Answer 30

Appeasement, deference, or fear

Question 31

Distance increasing signals

Answer 31

Barking/growling Lunging Forward body Looking/walking away Ground sniffing Whale eye Paw lift / appeasement/ conflict avoidance

Question 32

Passive appeasement

Answer 32

Submissive - dog moves slowly with lowered body position. Generally remains still until threat has moved on

Question 33

Active appeasement

Answer 33

Can be confused for overly friendly behaviors. Approach with whole rear wagging- anticipate potential hostile encounter- cut off conflict in non aggressive way. Dog is scared or unsure.

Question 34

Distance decreasing

Answer 34

Play bow Curved body Loose tail wag Presenting rear Hip nudge

Question 35

Calming signals

Answer 35

Displacement behaviors- when used to calm inner conflict. Calming signals- Avoid conflict, calm other dogs, lessen or diffuse aggression or relax themselves -Yawning -lip licking -shaking off -slow movement, moving in an arc -head turn -ground sniffing

Question 36

Eustress

Answer 36

“Good stress”/excitement

Question 37

Action patterns

Answer 37

Instinctive or innate behaviors Also called motor programs Wired into the dogs nervous system Often exist even if no need for them