Learning theory

Question 1

Classical conditioning (respondent learning)

Answer 1

Described by Pavlov 1927

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

Food

Question 3

Unconditioned response

Answer 3

Salivation

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

New stimulus - bell

Question 5

Conditioned response

Answer 5

Salivation, in response to the conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Automatic behavior

Answer 6

The forming of an association
Passive process
Doesn’t require understanding

Question 7

Acquisition stage

Answer 7

The period of paring required between an UCS, and CS for the association of be learned

Question 8

Stimulus preparedness

Answer 8

Acquisition of Conditioned response is selective, and the fact that certain stimuli are more likely to become a CS is termed stimulus preparedness

Question 9

Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 9

The CS and UCS are applied at the same time

Question 10

Delayed conditioning

Answer 10

Start of the CS precedes the start of the UCS

Optimal delay less than 0.1 sec

Question 11

Trace conditioning

Answer 11

Least effective

Where the CS ends before the UCS begins

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

The CS is presented without the UCS then the CR gradually disappear, though not completely

Question 13

Partial or spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

There is a period where CS is not presented, CR may return but Ina weakened form

Question 14

Higher order / second order conditioning

Answer 14

Learning to respond to a new CS through association with the original CS

Question 15

Generalization

Answer 15

If a stimulus similar to the CS is used, this enables learning of similarities

Question 16

Discrimination

Answer 16

The ability to recognize and respond to the differences between similar stimuli

Question 17

Incubation

Answer 17

For emotional reactions, repeats brief exposures to the CS can result in a large increase in strength of the CR

Question 18

Watson and Rayner

Answer 18

In 1920
Used Classical Conditioning
To indue a white rabbit phobia
Little Albert 11 month year old baby

Question 19

Operant conditioning

Answer 19

Instrumental learning

Question 20

Skinner 1904- 1990

Answer 20

Proposed associative learning theory

Question 21

Thorndike law of effect (1874-1949)

Answer 21

States that if a voluntary behavior (operating on trail and error) is rewarded it will be repeated and vice versa

Question 22

Primary reinforcement

Answer 22

Rewards basic drives. Sex, nourishment

Independent of prior learning

Question 23

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 23

Rewards learned drives , money, praise

More subjective

Question 24

Positive reinforcement

Answer 24

Reward reinforces a response and increases the likelihood of its occurrence

Question 25

Negative reinforcement

Answer 25

Unpleasant condition is removed and again increases the likelihood of response
Patient controlled analgesia

Question 26

Punishment

Answer 26

An aversive consequence that is intended to reduce the likelihood of occurence

Question 27

Aversive conditioning

Answer 27

Punishment
Avoidance conditioning
Escape conditioning

Question 28

Covert sensitization

Answer 28

When aversive conditioning in performed in imagination

Question 29

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 29

Continuous

Partial

Question 30

Chaining

Answer 30

A desired behavior is broken down into a series of simpler steps which are the taught separately and eventually linked together

Question 31

Shaping

Answer 31

Involves reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior

Question 32

Premaks principle

Answer 32

States that a high frequency behavior can be used to reinforce lower frequency behavior

Question 33

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 33

Wolpe 1958
The connection between an anxiety inducing stimulus and its response is weakened y the concurrent administration of an anxiety in inhibiting stimulus