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CPDT-KA > Learning Theory > Flashcards

Learning Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Define primary reinforcer

A

Something the dog intrinsically values and will work for

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2
Q

Define spontaneous recovery

A

Behavior affected by extinction is apt to reoccur in the future when the trigger is presented again

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2
Q

Define spontaneous recovery

A

Behavior affected by extinction is apt to reoccur in the future when the trigger is presented again. A return of responding to a stimulus that the animal was once habituated to.

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3
Q

Define extinction burst

A

The phenomenon of the behavior suddenly getting worse before it gets better during extinction training

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4
Q

Define extinction - classical conditioning

A

Repeating presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

Define extinction - operant conditioning

A

Withholding reinforcers that maintain a behavior - not simply ignoring it

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6
Q

Define positive reinforcement

A

Adding a reward to a behavior to get it to happen again

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7
Q

Define negative punishment

A

Taking something good away to decrease a behavior

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8
Q

Define negative reinforcement

A

Punishment is removed once the dog does the correct behavior

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9
Q

Define behavior

A

Anything an animal does

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10
Q

Define consequence

A

Anything that happens to animal due to a result of the behavior

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11
Q

Define temporary criteria

A

Accepting approximations of the goal behavior

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12
Q

If you use one hand signal & a verbal cue at the same time:
A. The dog might focus on one but not the other - overshadowing
B. The dog will turn it’s head away & wait for you to make up your mind
C. The trainer will get tired too quickly

A

A. The dog might focus on one but not the other - overshadowing

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13
Q

The training slang term “twofers” means:
A. Only practice each exercise for two minutes
B. Two people training the same dog
C. Dog must do two behaviors for one reward

A

C. Dog must do two behaviors for one reward

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14
Q

In operant conditioning, the word reinforce means to make stronger. True or false?

A

True

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15
Q

Select the best definition of the word positive as used in operant conditioning
A. Add something
B. Be sure of yourself before you train your dog
C. Say “good dog” in a nice voice

A

A. Add something

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16
Q

In the ABC’s of learning, C stands for consequence. True or false?

A

True

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17
Q

Dogs learn from:
A. Operant conditioning
B. Classical conditioning
C. Both

A

C. Both

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18
Q

The word “punishment” means to inflict pain. True or false?

A

False

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19
Q

Define duration reinforcement schedule

A

This requires an animal maintain a certain level of responding throughout an interval of time in order to earn a reward.

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20
Q

Define secondary reinforcer

A

Things the dog initially has no interest in until it is paired with a primary reinforcer. Then, the secondary reinforcer means something good. I.e. clicker is secondary, food is primary

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21
Q

Define precede

A

In order for a stimulus to become a conditioned reinforcer, it must always come before the primary reinforcer

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22
Q

Define sensitization

A

Reaction to stimulus gets even stronger

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23
Q

Define habituation

A

The ability to stop responding to meaningless stimulus

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24
Q

Define habituation

A

The ability to stop responding to meaningless stimulus

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25
Q

Define orienting response

A

When an animal turns towards a stimulus

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26
Q

Define single event learning

A

Most basic example of learning. Takes only one try to learn. A stimulus that has meaning after only one presentation of it.

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27
Q

Define pre-exposure effect

A

A conditioned stimulus that is not novel to the animal

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28
Q

Define novelty

A

A new stimulus. Animals are new alert to novel stimulus.

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29
Q

Define jump starts

A

Rewards before training used to motivate the dog

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30
Q

Define reinforcer sampling

A

Giving your dog a variety of rewards to see what they are most willing to work for

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31
Q

Define jackpots

A

A reward for excellence in training. Providing a special reward for particularly well performed response as it will increase the likelihood of the behavior repeating itself

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32
Q

Define positive behavioral contrast

A

An animal trying harder to get a higher value reward

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33
Q

Define negative behavioral contrast

A

An animal will not work hard or not at all for a mediocre reward

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34
Q

Define deprivation level

A

A reduction of rewards before a training session that will make the animal work harder to get a reward. I.e. don’t feed dinner before training.

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35
Q

Define learned irrelevance

A

The animal ceases attending to a stimulus because it has no consequence. Not susceptible to spontaneous recovery.

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36
Q

Define differential reinforcement

A

Not truly random - only the best examples of behavior are rewarded

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37
Q

Define random reinforcement

A

The reward is not given every time the dog offers the behavior

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38
Q

Define continuous schedule of reinforcement

A

A reward for every correct response

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39
Q

Define value of reinforcement

A

A ranking of rewards that dog is willing to work for

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40
Q

Define rate of reinforcement

A

How often a behavior is rewarded

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41
Q

Define permanent criteria

A

The final goal behavior

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42
Q

Define physical response

A

Actually doing what is asked

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43
Q

Define criteria

A

A defined response - once it is achieved, the dog is rewarded

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44
Q

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

Treat, play, toys, life rewards, praise

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45
Q

Define critical period

A

The period of development that has a profound effect on the behavior of a dog. Prime age range to take in information about social cues.

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46
Q

What she range is the critical period?

A

5-12 weeks

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47
Q

What age range is considered early adolescence?

A

6-11 months

48
Q

When does the fear period occur in a dog’s development?

A

Adolescence

49
Q

Define juvenile onset shyness

A

Fear period that occurs during adolescence

50
Q

What breeds of dogs have brachycephaly?

A

Boston terriers, Frenchies, English bulldogs, pugs, boxers, old English bulldogs, pekenise

51
Q 
If the dog fails to respond to a previously learned cue, a trainer should:
A. Correct the dog immediately
B. Decrease the distraction level
C. Repeat the cue in a louder voice
D. End the training session
A

B. Decrease the distraction level

52
Q 
Which of the following increases if dog acts as a reinforcer?
A. Behavior
B. Locomotion
C. Excitement
D. Salivation
A

A. Behavior

53
Q

What is the name of the mutation that cause a shortening of the face, muzzle, and nose?

A

Brachycephaly

54
Q

Define brachycephaly

A

A mission creating an abnormal shortening of the facial bones, making it difficult to breathe or keep the brain cool

55
Q

Define facultatively social species

A

A species (i.e. coyote, dog) that can and will switch between pack hunting & individual hunting based on what kind & the amount of food that is available

56
Q

Define fluency

A

Second phase of learning. Animal becomes fluent in the new knowledge.

57
Q

Define acquisition

A

First phase of learning where the animal learns new knowledge

58
Q

Define timing of reinforcer

A

A reward should be given as quickly after a behavior is given

59
Q

Define generalization

A

Third phase of learning where the animal learns the knowledge is relevant in a variety of circumstances & situations

60
Q

Define maintenance

A

Fourth and final phase of learning where the animal incorporates the new knowledge into is behavioral repertoire

61
Q

What are the four stages of learning?

A

Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance

62
Q

Define stimulus

A

Any recent that can be perceived by the animal. I.e. light, sound, touch, smell

63
Q

Define consequence

A

An action or event that occurs after the behavior. It may affect how often that behavior will occur in the future.

64
Q

Define contingency

A

A statement of dependent relationships i.e. if the dog sits he gets a cookie

65
Q

Define performance

A

Actual doing of the cued behavior

66
Q

Define appetitive/positive

A

Anything the dog considers a good behavior

67
Q

Define aversive

A

Anything the dog considers a bad thing

68
Q

Define theory

A

An explanation of how things work

69
Q

Define principles

A

An explanation of how things work

70
Q

Which of the following best describes a variable ratio of reinforcement?
A. One reinforcer after every correct response
B. Many reinforcers after every other response
C. Reinforcement after some correct responses
D. No reinforcement after incorrect responses

A

C. Reinforcement after some correct responses

71
Q 
The best description of shaping is teaching with:
A. Clicker
B. Physical guidance
C. Successive approximations
D. Balanced training
A

C. Successive approximations

72
Q

Define response

A

Any action performed that can be observed & measured

73
Q

Define conditioning

A

Learning

74
Q

Define behaviorism

A

The study of behavior & observable events

75
Q

What is the “principle of parsimony”

A

The scientific principle which states that unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplist explanation available

76
Q

Define innate behaviors

A

Behavior a dog for instinctively without being taught

77
Q

What are three examples of innate behavior?

A

Going potty, sniffing, eating, sex

78
Q

A dog is pulling against head halter moves back toward it’s handler to remove pressure. The handle then gives a treat to the dog. The dogs polite walking behavior is maintained by:

A

R- & R+

79
Q

Define differential reinforcement of low rates

A

Use to extend how long between cue & response

80
Q

Define punishment

A

Anything that stuns, stops, or decreases a behavior

81
Q

Define negative

A

Taking something away

82
Q

Define response rate schedules

A

Requires an animal to respond at a certain rate of time to earn a reward. i.e. if a dog slowly sits it is not rewarded, but if it is quick the dog is rewarded

83
Q

Define response type schedule

A

Requires the response to be of a predetermined quality in order to be rewarded

84
Q

Define positive

A

Adding something

85
Q

Define differential reinforcement of high rate

A

Used to increase how quickly a dog does a behavior

86
Q

Define reinforcement

A

Any kind of reward that makes the behavior stronger

87
Q

Define premack’s theory of reinforcement

A

The chance to engage in particular types of activities to participate in other activities. Life rewards: sit at door you get to go outside. A behavior the dog enjoys is used as the reinforcer to a previous behavior

88
Q

Define antecedent

A

Any stimulus that caused a behavior

89
Q

Define duration reinforcement schedule

A

Responding must be maintained throughout the entire interval to be rewarded

90
Q

Define free-operant experiments

A

The dog is free to respond whenever he chooses & the dog is rewarded for each choice

91
Q

Define discrete trials experiments

A

Each opportunity to perform a behavior & the dog is rewarded for responding correctly

92
Q

Define differential reinforcement schedule

A

Only certain rate of response or certain types of responses are rewarded

93
Q

Define continuous reinforcement schecule

A

Every occursncr of the response is followed by reinforcement

94
Q

Define partial reinforcement schedule

A

Responses are reinforced only sometimes

95
Q

Define Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

A

A fixed ratio of responses to reinforcements earned

96
Q

Define variable ratio reinforcement schedule

A

The number of responses required for each reinforcer from one occasion to the next changes

97
Q

Define desensitization

A

Presenting low levels of the fear provoking stimulus & gradually working up to the full blown stimulus

98
Q

Define flooding/response prevention

A

Putting the subject in a position they cannot leave their fear/phobia in hopes they will get over it. It does not work in dogs even though some will try.

99
Q

Define taste aversion learning

A

Learned association of what foods made them ill

100
Q

Define phobias

A

Conditioned emotional response of fear to certain stimuli

101
Q

Define separation anxiety

A

A conditioned emotion response to being alone

102
Q

Define inter-dog aggression

A 
One dog behaving aggressively to another dog, usually due to:
• fluctuating hormones
• poor socialization
• attacked/frightened by another dog
• feeling of being trapped
• owner reinforcement
• displacement/frustration
103
Q

Define social facilitation

A

A process where an animal is encouraged to do a behavior because someone else is also doing it

104
Q

Define stimulus enhancement

A

When one animal is doing something & another animal joins in

105
Q

Define imitation

A

The learning of a new behavior by observing another animal (even human) engaging in a behavior

106
Q

Define counter conditioning

A

Changing the association between a stimulus & response. Usually used for fear responses to make it more pleasant to a dog.

107
Q

Define conditioned emotional response

A

An emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to a learned stimuli

108
Q

Define backward chaining

A

Teaching the final behavior first because it leads directly to the reinforcement. i.e. go to bed

109
Q

Define chaining

A

Appropriate to use for a complex sequence of responses. Behaviors are linked together to cue the next behavior to start.

110
Q

Define prompting

A

Involves manipulating an animal or environment to get the dog to respond in a certain way

111
Q

Define shaping

A

Reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

112
Q

What are the four types of teaching a behavior?

A

Capturing, shaping, luring, combo of the above

113
Q

Define behavior modification

A

The application of learning theory to change behavior

114
Q

Define positive reinforcement

A

Adding something good to increase behavior

115
Q

Define negative punishment

A

Taking away something good to decrease behavior

116
Q

Define positive punishment

A

Adding an aversive in order to decrease a behavior

117
Q

Define negative reinforcement

A

Aversive applied until the desired behavior is performed & then it is taken away in order to increase a behavior

118
Q

Define variable interval reinforcement ratio

A

A variable amount of time needs to elapse before a reward is earned

CPDT-KA (4 decks)

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