Learning theories Flashcards
defined as a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, skill, and/
or behavior as a result of
exposure to different
experiences.
Learning
This type of theory is to change behavior, change the stimulus conditions
in the environment and the reinforcement after a
response
Behaviorist theory
also termed
association learning, classical
conditioning, or Pavlovian
conditioning
Respondent conditioning
emphasizes the importance
of stimulus conditions and the associations
formed in the learning process.
Respondent conditioning
In this basic model of learning, a neutral stimulus (NS)—a stimulus that has no special value or meaning
to the learner—is paired with a naturally occurring unconditioned or unlearned
stimulus (UCS) and unconditioned response
(UCR).
Respondent conditioning
is a technique based on respondent
conditioning that is used by psychologists to reduce fear and anxiety in
their clients.
Systematic desensitization
While they are in a state of relaxation, the fear producing stimulus is gradually introduced at a nonthreatening level so that anxiety and emotions are
not aroused.
Systematic Desensitization
is a useful
respondent conditioning concept that needs
to be given careful consideration in relapse
prevention programs.
Spontaneous recovery
is the tendency of
initial learning
experiences to be
easily applied to
other similar stimuli.
Stimulus
generalization
Developed largely by B. F. Skinner.
Operant Conditioning
focuses on the behavior of the organism and the
reinforcement that occurs after the response.
Operant Conditioning
This type of conditioning has a reinforcer as a stimulus
or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that
the response will be performed again. When specific responses are
reinforced on the proper schedule, behaviors can be either increased or
decreased.
Operant Conditioning
OPERANT CONDITIONING MODEL: CONTINGENCIES TO
INCREASE AND DECREASE THE PROBABILITY OF AN ORGANISM’S
RESPONSE
To Increase probability of response
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
a) Escape conditioning
b) Avoidance conditioning
To Decrease probability of response
- Nonreinforcement
- Punishment
An unpleasant stimulus is
being applied, the individual responds in some way
that causes the uncomfortable stimulation to
cease.
Escape conditioning
The unpleasant stimulus is
anticipated rather than being applied directly.
Avoidance conditioning
BEHAVIORIST DYNAMICS
Motivation
Educator
Transfer
drives to be reduced, incentives
Motivation
active role; manipulates environmental stimuli
and reinforcements to direct change
Educator
practice and provide similarity in stimulus
conditions and responses with a new situation
Transfer
occurs as the organism responds to stimulus
conditions and forms associations.
Learning
To increase behavior
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement (escape or avoidance
conditioning)
To decrease behavior
Nonreinforcement
Punishment
Cognitive Learning Theory
Information, sensation
(ARROW DOWN)
Emotions, memories
(ARROW DOWN)
Thoughts
composed of sub theories and is widely used in education and counseling.
Cognitive Theory
According to this perspective, the key to learning and changing is
the individual’s cognition (perception, thought, memory, and ways
of processing and structuring information).
Cognitive Theory
influencing the process of
learning is the learner’s…
Metacognition
One of the oldest psychological theories
Gestalt
perspective
emphasizes the importance of perception in
learning and lays the groundwork for various other cognitive
perspectives that followed
Gestalt
perspective
a cognitive perspective that
emphasizes thinking processes
Information processing
best known of the cognitive developmental theorists.
Jean Piaget
four sequential stages of cognitive
development:
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and
formal operations.
To change behavior, work with the developmental stage and change cognitions, goals, expectations, equilibrium,
and ways of processing information.
Cognitive Theory
largely based on the work of
Albert Bandura (1977, 2001), who mapped out a
perspective on learning that includes consideration of
the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior
patterns, and the environment.
Social Learning theory
based on the work
of Sigmund Freud and his followers
Psychodynamic theory
Have significant
implications for learning and changing behavior. Furthermore, It is largely a theory of motivation that stresses emotions rather than cognition or responses.
Psychodynamic theory
emphasizes the importance of conscious and unconscious
forces in guiding behavior, personality conflicts, and the
enduring effects of childhood experiences on adult behavior.
Psychodynamic theory
major contributor to humanistic theory,
is perhaps best known for identifying the hierarchy of needs,
which he says plays an important role in human motivation.
Abraham Maslow
