learning theories Flashcards
what is classical conditioning
learning through association
what is an unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that elicits a response naturally
what is a neutral stimulus
stimulus that doesn’t produce a response
what is an unconditioned response
A response that naturally occurs with out prior learning
what is a conditioned stimulus
a NS that has been paired with an UCS to elicit a similar response
what is delayed conditioning
present the CS followed immediately by UCS
what is extinction
association between the CS and CR is broken
what is generalisation
when the CR occurs to anything similar to the CS
what is spontaneous recovery
when the phobia appears again, CS produces the CR
what is discrimination
when the CR does not occur to similar other stimuli
what is one-trial learning
a new behaviour can occur from a NS and UCS from one interaction
what is operant conditioning
method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to modify behaviours
what is a neutral operant
response from the environment that neither increases of decreases the probability of a behaviour being repeated
what is a reinforcer
increase the probability of the behaviour being repeated again
what is a punishment
decrease the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated
summarise the Skinner box (1948)
inside the box there was a food despenser and a lever that the rat pressed in order to get food, he needed to press the lever to avoid the electric shock
what is a positive reinforcer
occurs when we carry out what is desired we receive a reward
what is a negative reinforcer
we carry out a behaviour to avoid negative consequence
what is a primary reinforcer
when a reward strengthens a behaviour by fulfilling a biological need
what is a secondary reinforcer
when a reward strengthens a behaviour because it leads to a primary reinforcer
what is a positive punishment
when something is given after an undesired behaviour is exhibited
what is a negative reinforcer
when something is taken away that makes the behaviour less likely to reoccur
what does contingent mean
there is a clear link between the person’s behaviour and the consequence it produces
what is a continuous reinforcement
a reward is given every time the desired behaviour occurs
what is a fixed interval reinforcement
an exact amount of time passes between each reinforcement
what is a variable interval reinforcement
varying amount of time passes between each reinforcement
what is a fixed ratio reinforcement
reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses
what is a variable ratio reinforcement
reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
what is behaviour-modification shaping
instead of waiting for the desired to be exhibited you reward any behaviour leading to the target behaviour
what does the social learning theory state
that behaviour is learnt through observation and modelling
what are the 4 stages of social learning theory
attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation
what is internal motivation
motivation that satisfies internally
what is external motivation
someone praises the behaviour being exhibited
what is vicarious learning
learning behaviour through other mistakes or sucesses
what is vicarious reinforcement
seeing someone else rewarded for a behaviour and therefore you imitate it
what is vicarious punishment
when we see someone have a negative consequence therefore you avoid the behaviour
what is vicarious extinction
you notice that another person is no longer getting a reward so you stop performing an action
what is self efficacy
the belief that you can repeat an action
what does habituation mean
over a period of time your behaviour and sensory response diminishes after repeated exposure
what does in vivo mean
real live exposure to the feared stimulus
what does in vitro mean
imagination
how many sessions long does systematic desensitisation take
4-6 sessions
how does systematic desensitisation treat phobias
the phobia can be removed by teaching someone to relax when in contact with the phobia
what does reciprocal inhibition mean
you cannot experience two competing emotions at the same time
what are the 4 stages of systematic desensitisation
functional analysis
construction of anxiety hierarchy
relaxation training
gradual exposure
what is functional analysis comprise off (systematic desensitisation)
finding out the triggers that could elicit a phobic reaction from the client
what is the ‘construction of anxiety hierarchy’ (systematic desensitisation)
ranking the least fearful situations to the most fearful situations
give 2 examples of relaxation techniques
diaphratic exercises
meditation
what is gradual exposure (systematic desensitisation)
exposure to the phobia in stages using relaxation techniques and then can move to the next stage
how can the social learning theory help with systematic desensitisation
by seeing a role model exhibit the relaxation techniques around the fear, they are then encouraged
what study supports systematic desensitisation
Capafons (1998)
what does the treatment of flooding involve
no gradual exposure to the phobia
what is stimulus satiation
the temporary loss of effectiveness of a reinforcer due to its repeated presentation
how long is the flooding treatment
2-3 hours
what is impolsion
exposed to description of the fear for 6-9 continuous hours
what study supports flooding
Wolpe (1973) took a girl with a phobia of cars on a drive until she calmed down and reported that her fear was removed
what are some side effects of flooding (2 factors)
anxiety
panic attacks
