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learning theories Flashcards

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1
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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2
Q

what is an unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits a response naturally

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3
Q

what is a neutral stimulus

A

stimulus that doesn’t produce a response

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4
Q

what is an unconditioned response

A

A response that naturally occurs with out prior learning

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5
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus

A

a NS that has been paired with an UCS to elicit a similar response

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6
Q

what is delayed conditioning

A

present the CS followed immediately by UCS

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7
Q

what is extinction

A

association between the CS and CR is broken

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8
Q

what is generalisation

A

when the CR occurs to anything similar to the CS

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9
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

when the phobia appears again, CS produces the CR

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10
Q

what is discrimination

A

when the CR does not occur to similar other stimuli

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11
Q

what is one-trial learning

A

a new behaviour can occur from a NS and UCS from one interaction

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12
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to modify behaviours

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13
Q

what is a neutral operant

A

response from the environment that neither increases of decreases the probability of a behaviour being repeated

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14
Q

what is a reinforcer

A

increase the probability of the behaviour being repeated again

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15
Q

what is a punishment

A

decrease the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

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16
Q

summarise the Skinner box (1948)

A

inside the box there was a food despenser and a lever that the rat pressed in order to get food, he needed to press the lever to avoid the electric shock

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17
Q

what is a positive reinforcer

A

occurs when we carry out what is desired we receive a reward

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18
Q

what is a negative reinforcer

A

we carry out a behaviour to avoid negative consequence

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19
Q

what is a primary reinforcer

A

when a reward strengthens a behaviour by fulfilling a biological need

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20
Q

what is a secondary reinforcer

A

when a reward strengthens a behaviour because it leads to a primary reinforcer

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21
Q

what is a positive punishment

A

when something is given after an undesired behaviour is exhibited

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22
Q

what is a negative reinforcer

A

when something is taken away that makes the behaviour less likely to reoccur

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23
Q

what does contingent mean

A

there is a clear link between the person’s behaviour and the consequence it produces

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24
Q
A
25
Q

what is a continuous reinforcement

A

a reward is given every time the desired behaviour occurs

26
Q

what is a fixed interval reinforcement

A

an exact amount of time passes between each reinforcement

27
Q

what is a variable interval reinforcement

A

varying amount of time passes between each reinforcement

28
Q

what is a fixed ratio reinforcement

A

reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses

29
Q

what is a variable ratio reinforcement

A

reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses

30
Q

what is behaviour-modification shaping

A

instead of waiting for the desired to be exhibited you reward any behaviour leading to the target behaviour

31
Q

what does the social learning theory state

A

that behaviour is learnt through observation and modelling

32
Q

what are the 4 stages of social learning theory

A

attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation

33
Q

what is internal motivation

A

motivation that satisfies internally

34
Q

what is external motivation

A

someone praises the behaviour being exhibited

35
Q

what is vicarious learning

A

learning behaviour through other mistakes or sucesses

36
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

seeing someone else rewarded for a behaviour and therefore you imitate it

37
Q

what is vicarious punishment

A

when we see someone have a negative consequence therefore you avoid the behaviour

38
Q

what is vicarious extinction

A

you notice that another person is no longer getting a reward so you stop performing an action

39
Q

what is self efficacy

A

the belief that you can repeat an action

40
Q

what does habituation mean

A

over a period of time your behaviour and sensory response diminishes after repeated exposure

41
Q

what does in vivo mean

A

real live exposure to the feared stimulus

42
Q

what does in vitro mean

A

imagination

43
Q

how many sessions long does systematic desensitisation take

A

4-6 sessions

44
Q

how does systematic desensitisation treat phobias

A

the phobia can be removed by teaching someone to relax when in contact with the phobia

45
Q

what does reciprocal inhibition mean

A

you cannot experience two competing emotions at the same time

46
Q

what are the 4 stages of systematic desensitisation

A

functional analysis
construction of anxiety hierarchy
relaxation training
gradual exposure

47
Q

what is functional analysis comprise off (systematic desensitisation)

A

finding out the triggers that could elicit a phobic reaction from the client

48
Q

what is the ‘construction of anxiety hierarchy’ (systematic desensitisation)

A

ranking the least fearful situations to the most fearful situations

49
Q

give 2 examples of relaxation techniques

A

diaphratic exercises

meditation

50
Q

what is gradual exposure (systematic desensitisation)

A

exposure to the phobia in stages using relaxation techniques and then can move to the next stage

51
Q

how can the social learning theory help with systematic desensitisation

A

by seeing a role model exhibit the relaxation techniques around the fear, they are then encouraged

52
Q

what study supports systematic desensitisation

A

Capafons (1998)

53
Q

what does the treatment of flooding involve

A

no gradual exposure to the phobia

54
Q

what is stimulus satiation

A

the temporary loss of effectiveness of a reinforcer due to its repeated presentation

55
Q

how long is the flooding treatment

A

2-3 hours

56
Q

what is impolsion

A

exposed to description of the fear for 6-9 continuous hours

57
Q

what study supports flooding

A

Wolpe (1973) took a girl with a phobia of cars on a drive until she calmed down and reported that her fear was removed

58
Q

what are some side effects of flooding (2 factors)

A

anxiety
panic attacks

59
Q
A

learning psychology (5 decks)

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