Learning Points Flashcards
What is the difference between spondylosis, spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis?
Spondylosis refers to any degenerative changes to the spine that causes pain
Spondylolysis refers to stress fracture of the pars interarticularis of the vertebrae
Spondylolisthesis refers to anterior displacement a vertebral body with respect to the spine, using L5 on S1
What does the carotid body and carotid sinus do?
The carotid body detects arterial pO2, CO2 and pH
The carotid sinus contain baroreceptors that detect blood pressre
What are some causes of elevated ferritin alone
Chronic alcohol consumption Acute inflammation Chronic liver injury Haemachromatosis Malignancy Obesity Metabolic syndrome
What percentage of dietary iron is absorption and how much absorbed Fe is required?
10% Only
1-2mg
How much daily alcohol consumption is required to elevate ferritin?
> 20g or >2 standard drinks
What findings on Fe studies are indicative hereditary haemachromatosis?
Serum ferritin >1000ug/L
Transferrin saturation >45%
Why does serum ferritin increase in chronic liver disease?
Because damaged hepatocytes leak ferritin
What is quinsy?
A peritonsillar abscess
What is chondromalacia?
Aka Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Common overuse injury on the knee, no discrete trauma required
Pain behind, adjacent or deep in the knee
What is exostosis?
A benign overgrowth of cartilaginous material on bone
What is the mechanism of action of allopurinol?
It inhibits xanthine oxidase thereby inhibiting the formation of uric acid
When screening for cardiovascular risk to determine whether a statin is needed, what are the 5 conditions which automatically qualify a patient for a statin?
Familial hypercholesterolaemia Diabetes with microalbuminurea or age >65 BP >180/110 Chronic kidney disease Total cholesterol >7.5
