Learning, Personality, and Perception Flashcards
What is operant learning theory?
Learning by which the subject learns to operate in the environment to achieve certain consequences
What are the types of reinforcement?
Reinforcement is meant to increase the frequency of behaviors.
Positive reinforcement gives a positive reward for good actions, increasing the behavior.
Negative reinforcement is the removal of something unpleasant, also to increase the frequency of behaviour.
What is extinction and punishment?
Both aim to reduce behaviour
Extinction: the gradual dissipation of a behavior following the termination of a reinforcement.
Punishment is adding a negative stimulus to decrease a behaviur
What is social cognitive theory?
A learning theory which states people learn by observing others. This theory has three components, observational learning (observing the actions and consequences of others), self-efficacy beliefs (must have performance mastery - we can do it, see other people do it, being told you can do it, and must be in a healthy physiological state), and self-regulation. When we choose someone to observe, we typically choose models with desirable characteristics.
How does operant learning theory relate to employee recognition?
Employee recognition programs are an example of positive reinforcement. The key is these programs is that they must be public acknowledgment. They also must specify how a person will be recognized, the type of behavior being encouraged, manner of public acknowledgment, and some sort of token given when acknowledged
What is the personality vs situation debate?
Dispositional approach (people naturally have certain characteristics and act according to these characteristics), and situationist approach (our behaviors and personality are influenced by the situation we’re in). The interactionist approach is a hybrid of these two. Our personality and situation influence our actions.
What is personality?
The relatively stable set of psychological characteristics that influences the way someone interacts with their environment. People have a genetic predisposition to certain traits. Personality comes from genetics, social interactions, and culture.
Five factor model of personality
There are many personality ‘tests’ out there, but few are research based. The most widely accepted model is the 5 factor model, OCEAN, openness, conscientiousness (how dependable and responsible you are), extraversion, agreeableness (how well you get along with others, are you tolerant and cooperative), and neuroticism.
Personality and job performance
Personality can predict job performance, employee engagement, and organizational citizenship behaviour. Effects of personality vary by occupation, extraversion and openness are both valuable but some are more valuable than others in certain roles. Conscientiousness positively predicts performance in all occupations, it also predicts retention and attendance, work motivation, and team relevant behaviors, negatively predicts unsafe behaviors and deviance. Neuroticism is associated with lower job satisfaction and income.
What are other personality variables
Locus of control, self-regulation, self-esteem, self-efficacy, proactive personality, and positive and negative affectivity (optimist or pessimist).
What is perception, primacy effect, and recency effect.
Perception is the process of interpreting messages from our environment, primacy effect relies on early cues (first thing we notice), recency effect is relying on most recent cue, last thing you noticed.
You can deal with both effects in interviews the same way, by having them more structured, perhaps more than one interview and more than one interviewer.
What is reliance on central traits.
Central traits are those that are of particular interest t the receiver. They often have very powerful influence on others and we can ignore someone’s shortcomings if they have a central trait that is very valuable to us.
What is implicit personality theory
Theory that says we think certain personal characteristics go together, when we see people with one of these grouped traits, we often think they have all the traits we associate with the one trait.
What is projection and stereotyping
Projection is the tendency to attribute our own thoughts and feelings to others.
Stereotyping is the tendency to generalize about people in a social category and ignore differences among them.
What is the fundamental attribution error
The tendency to overemphasize dispositional explanations instead of situational explanations when making judgments about the behavior of others. Such as thinking someone is irresponsible if they’re late, instead of thinking there may have been traffic.
