Learning/Performance Flashcards
(29 cards)
Cognitive stage
Lot of thinking and understanding needed Extrinsic feedback Movements slow Lots of errors Visual, verbal and manual guidance important Verbal must be clear and concise
Associative stage
More consistent Start to detect and correct errors Long time spent in this phase Lots of practice needed Feedback becoming more intrinsic Movements smoother and more coordinated
Autonomous stage
Confident
Consistent
Using advanced techniques
Detect and correct own errors
Fluent, efficient and automatic movements
Complicated and technical feedback can be provided
Learning plateau
A period in which there is do definite change in performance as measured.
Causes of a plateau
Boredom Motivation Coach Limit of ability Targets too low Fatigue
Solutions to causes of plateau
Boredom- add more variety to learning
Motivation- performer loses drive-get some feedback to help performance and motivation
Coach-get a new coach
Limit of ability- concept of plateau explained to performer so don’t take responsibility
Targets too low- set new challenges/goals
Fatigue- rest taken
Drive-reduction
End of task period when performance may get worse. You’ve succeeded and lost your drive.
3 theories of learning
1) Operant Conditioning
2) Bandura’s Observational Learning/Social learning theory
3) Drive-reduction theory
Operant conditioning
The performer develops a relationship between a stimulus and a response. Stimulus-response bond.
Practice - makes SR bond stronger = learning
3 points of operant conditioning
Based on trial and error
Shapes behaviour
Manipulated the environment
How does operant conditioning shop behaviour
Through reinforcement
3 types of reinforcement
1) Positive reinforcement-strengthens SR bond
2) Negative reinforcement- strengthens SR bond
3) Punishment
Explain 3 types of reinforcement
1) Positive - pleasant stimulus after correct response makes it more likely - must be rewarding to the individual
2) Negative- removal of unpleasant stimulus after correct response. Brings relief from something unpleasant
3) Unpleasant stimulus to stop incorrect actions occurring again. Can crest resentment,dislike and anger.
Social Learning Theory
States we learn by observing others
Use of demonstration as main learning tool.
DARMMM
(Demonstration - attention - retention - motor reproduction - motivation - matching performance)
What is modelling
Occurs when we learn by demonstrations or change out behaviour to imitate behaviours we have observed. (Can produce good or bad habits)
Attention
Performer must pay attention.
Models must be someone you respect.
Demo must be heard, seen and accurate.
Retention
Performer must remember/ create mental picture of demo.
Retention improved by repeated demonstrations.
Motor reproduction
Copying performance.
Must be able to do it.
Will need time.
Motivation
Status of model affects motivation and will be increased by external reinforcement from the model.
Drive reduction theory
Bond created between stimulus and response because of drive which causes motivation.
The need to solve a problem created drive/motivation.
When we solve a problem reduces drive and learning occurs. ‘Habit’ developed- successful performance.
What must the coach do in drive reduction theory
Supply new challenges once skill is well learned to maintain drive.
The more a skill is performed/practiced the greater the players inhibition (performance ⬇️ due to boredom). Massed practice can lead to this.
Transfer of learning
Refers to the effect that learning one task has on the learning of another.
Positive transfer
Occurs when prior learning promoted present learning.
Negative transfer
Occurs when prior learning has an inhibiting effect in the learning of a new task.
