Learning/Performance

Question 1

Cognitive stage

Answer 1

Lot of thinking and understanding needed
Extrinsic feedback
Movements slow
Lots of errors
Visual, verbal and manual guidance important
Verbal must be clear and concise

Question 2

Associative stage

Answer 2

More consistent 
Start to detect and correct errors
Long time spent in this phase
Lots of practice needed
Feedback becoming more intrinsic
Movements smoother and more coordinated

Question 3

Autonomous stage

Answer 3

Confident
Consistent
Using advanced techniques
Detect and correct own errors
Fluent, efficient and automatic movements
Complicated and technical feedback can be provided

Question 4

Learning plateau

Answer 4

A period in which there is do definite change in performance as measured.

Question 5

Causes of a plateau

Answer 5

Boredom 
Motivation
Coach
Limit of ability
Targets too low
Fatigue

Question 6

Solutions to causes of plateau

Answer 6

Boredom- add more variety to learning
Motivation- performer loses drive-get some feedback to help performance and motivation
Coach-get a new coach
Limit of ability- concept of plateau explained to performer so don’t take responsibility
Targets too low- set new challenges/goals
Fatigue- rest taken

Question 7

Drive-reduction

Answer 7

End of task period when performance may get worse. You’ve succeeded and lost your drive.

Question 8

3 theories of learning

Answer 8

1) Operant Conditioning
2) Bandura’s Observational Learning/Social learning theory
3) Drive-reduction theory

Question 9

Operant conditioning

Answer 9

The performer develops a relationship between a stimulus and a response. Stimulus-response bond.

Practice - makes SR bond stronger = learning

Question 10

3 points of operant conditioning

Answer 10

Based on trial and error
Shapes behaviour
Manipulated the environment

Question 11

How does operant conditioning shop behaviour

Answer 11

Through reinforcement

Question 12

3 types of reinforcement

Answer 12

1) Positive reinforcement-strengthens SR bond
2) Negative reinforcement- strengthens SR bond
3) Punishment

Question 13

Explain 3 types of reinforcement

Answer 13

1) Positive - pleasant stimulus after correct response makes it more likely - must be rewarding to the individual
2) Negative- removal of unpleasant stimulus after correct response. Brings relief from something unpleasant
3) Unpleasant stimulus to stop incorrect actions occurring again. Can crest resentment,dislike and anger.

Question 14

Social Learning Theory

Answer 14

States we learn by observing others

Use of demonstration as main learning tool.

DARMMM
(Demonstration - attention - retention - motor reproduction - motivation - matching performance)

Question 15

What is modelling

Answer 15

Occurs when we learn by demonstrations or change out behaviour to imitate behaviours we have observed. (Can produce good or bad habits)

Question 16

Attention

Answer 16

Performer must pay attention.
Models must be someone you respect.
Demo must be heard, seen and accurate.

Question 17

Retention

Answer 17

Performer must remember/ create mental picture of demo.

Retention improved by repeated demonstrations.

Question 18

Motor reproduction

Answer 18

Copying performance.

Must be able to do it.

Will need time.

Question 19

Motivation

Answer 19

Status of model affects motivation and will be increased by external reinforcement from the model.

Question 20

Drive reduction theory

Answer 20

Bond created between stimulus and response because of drive which causes motivation.

The need to solve a problem created drive/motivation.

When we solve a problem reduces drive and learning occurs. ‘Habit’ developed- successful performance.

Question 21

What must the coach do in drive reduction theory

Answer 21

Supply new challenges once skill is well learned to maintain drive.

The more a skill is performed/practiced the greater the players inhibition (performance ⬇️ due to boredom). Massed practice can lead to this.

Question 22

Transfer of learning

Answer 22

Refers to the effect that learning one task has on the learning of another.

Question 23

Positive transfer

Answer 23

Occurs when prior learning promoted present learning.

Question 24

Negative transfer

Answer 24

Occurs when prior learning has an inhibiting effect in the learning of a new task.

Question 25

Zero transfer

Answer 25

Prior learning has no effect on present learning.

Question 26

Bi-lateral transfer

Answer 26

Transfer between limbs

Question 27

Proactive transfer

Answer 27

Effect of learning a skill has on a skill that has not yet be learnt.

Question 28

Retroactive transfer

Answer 28

The effect that learning a skill has on a previously learned skill. ( + - or 0)

Question 29

Ways to ensure successful transfer of learning

Answer 29

1) coach makes player aware of transfer and highlights elements of skill that are similar.
2) identify elements which may hinder learning
3) ensure original task is well learnt/practiced
4) planned progression
5) make sure practice sessions are realistic
6) eliminate bad habits
7) performer well motivated by using rewards.