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Physiology Module 4 > Learning outcomes - Digestive > Flashcards

Learning outcomes - Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Explain energy storage, use,
and balance.

A

Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and is used first in metabolism , followed by fat , then protein.Vitamins
cannot be manufactured by the cell and must be in our diet.

Energy Intake Nutrients = Output + Fat Storage

MetabolicRate increases :
T3T4 ,
GH , T
SNS

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2
Q

Explain hunger + satiety

A

the hypothalamus controls hunger and satiety ,while feeding is controlled by higher brain centers and neurohormones. Feeding is inhibited when the intestines stretch by the vagal afferent. Lipids and carbs in the Small intestines cause release of CCK and insulin , inhibiting feeding.
Ghrelin stimulates feeding

Increase hunger - increase body temperature, leptin

Increase Energy Stores - decrease hunger

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3
Q

Insulin is used in

A

glucose oxidation
glycogen synthesis
Fat Synthesis
Protein Synthesis

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4
Q

Glucagon is used in

A

Glycogenolysis
Glyconeogenesis
Ketogenesis

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5
Q

Insulin helps to

A

Lower blood sugar

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6
Q

Glucagon helps to

A

Raise Blood Sugar

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7
Q

Insulin is produced when

A

Increase in blood sugar
Eating Carbs
Eating Protein
Eating more carbs with more protein

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8
Q

Glucagon is produced when

A

Decrease in Blood Sugar
Eating Proteins

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9
Q

Insulin Source

A

Beta Cells of Pancreas

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10
Q

Glucagon Source

A

Alpha cells of Pancreas

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11
Q

Insulin Targets

A

Liver , Muscle , Adipose

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12
Q

Glucagon Targets

A

Liver

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13
Q

Insulin Cellular Mechanism of Action

A

Insert GLUT-4 transporters in muscle and adipose tissue

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14
Q

Glucagon Cellular Mechanism of Action

A

Increase Glycogenolysis and Glyconeogenesis

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15
Q

Calcitonin

A

is released in response to increase in Ca++ levels in the plasma and decreases Ca++
by preventing bone Ca++
reabsorption and increasing kidney Ca++ excretion .
This is an acute response and has no role in chronic regulation of plasma bait levels .

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16
Q

Vitamin D (Calcitriol)

A

increases ca”
reabsorption in the intestines ,
bone , and kidneys I
weakly) .
Vitamin D is a steroid
formed by adding
sunlight to the precursor on skin and is stimulated by decrease in Ca++ ,
indirectly by PTH , and through prolactin.

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17
Q

PTH

A

is released through a simple endocrine reflex , stimulated by low plasma calcium .
PTH increase Ca++ reabsorbtion in the bones ,kidneys,
and intestines . It also increases Vitamin D which increases Ca++ reabsorption in the kidney ,
indirectly increases Ca”
in intestines .
PTH is a peptide hormone that is continuously produced ,
but is inhibited by increase in Ca++ Plasma levels .

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18
Q

Identify the cellular mechanisms of action of cortisol and identify its major
physiologic actions , particularly during stress .

A

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex in response to the hypothalamic hormone CRH stimulating
the anterior pituitary hormone ACTH. It is a steriod hormone made from cholesterol on demand that targets intracellular receptors on most tissues , mainly immune organs ,
liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue . Cortisol is usually tonically released
but stress increases CRH which increases ACTH → A cortisol . At the immune organs , cortisol suppresses the immune system .At the liver , it increases gluconeogenesis. In the muscle , protein catabolism is induced and lipolysis is induced in the adipose tissue.

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19
Q

DIGESTION

A

There are 2 types of digestion ; luminal and contact.
Luminal digestion occurs by secretions (saliva , stomach , pancreatic) while
contact occurs by enzymes on the brush border on intestinal cells 1
enterocytes).

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20
Q

Carbs digestion

A

begins in the mouth with salivary amylase and continues to work in the small intestines with pancreatic amylase.
Final digestion occurs at the brush border with the final product being monosaccharides (glucose)

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21
Q

Carbs Absorption

A

carbs absorb as glucose and galactose thru 2° Active Transport on the SGLUT -1 on the apical side and facilitated diffusion on the basolateral side.
Fructose is absorbed completely by facilitated diffusion.
Hexanose uses SGLT-1 on apical and GLUT on basolateral side

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22
Q

Protein Digestion

A

begins in the stomach with pepsin and continues in the small intestines with luminal and contact digestion and in
mucosal cells . The final product is amino acids

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23
Q

Protein Absorption

A

Proteins are absorbed as Amino Acids using 2° Active Transport with sodium . Di/tripeptides use endocytosis and are converted to Amino Acids in the cytoplasm of enterocyte

24
Q

Lipid digestion

A

begins in the mouth with lingual lipase and continues in the Duodenum with pancreatic lipase and bile .The final
product is fatty acids and monoglycerides .

25
Q

Lipid Absorption

A

are absorbed into enterocytes as fatty acids and monoglycerides , where they are then reconstituted into triglycerides , absorbed into the lymphatic system ,and put into blood

26
Q

Water Absorption

A

WATER moves in or out of the gut lumen by diffusion based on osmolarity.
Osmolarity is determined by
sodium ! Na+ is absorbed by enterocytes of the small intestines across the apical membrane by channels , cotransport or
antiport Na+ uptake =(-) in gut lumen , encouraging Cl- uptake , water follows both

27
Q

Water secretion

A

occurs in small intestines due to increase in osmolarity due to food and Cl-
secretion by Crypts of Liberkuhn .

28
Q

the duration of the acid response

A

is dependent on stomach pH and the composition of the chyme entering
the duodenum .
Acid secretion before a meal is suppressed due to decrease in pH because acid stimulates somatostatin and
suppresses parietal cell secretion

29
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

occurs during “thinking”
or seeing/ smelling /tasting food . It is stimulated by the INS thought pathway , hypoglycemia , chemoreceptors , and mechanoreceptors through the vagus nerve.~30% acid response

30
Q

. Gastric Phase

A

occurs when food enters the stomach , stimulated by distention increase in pH, and peptides / amino acids ~60% acid response

31
Q

Intestinal phase

A

occurs when food enters the small intestine ,
stimulated by distention and peptides / Amino Acids
~10% acid response

32
Q

The large intestine secretes

A

Mucus by Crypts of Leiberkuhn to help feces pass through as H2O decreases
‘
Bicarb in small amounts by both
*mainly regulated by ENS reflexes due to irritation and PSNS activity

33
Q

The small intestine secretes

A

Mucus through the Brunner’s gland in the duodenum in response to Ach and irritation to protect the mucosa . It is inhibited by NE (SNS) .
‘
Digestive juices containing a- ,
bicarb , Na+ , and water by the crypts of Leiberkuhn 1
using ATP). This is mainly
regulated by ENS reflexes.

34
Q

The liver secretes bile

A

stored by the gal bladder until contraction (stimulated by CCK) secretes the bite into
the duodenum .Bite helps to digest fats and aids in absorption and excretion of wastes.

35
Q

Saliva

A

is secreted into the mouth by salivary glands and function to libricate food , digest food , and to destroy pathogens .
teams)
saliva contains the enzymes amylase to digest starches , ligual lipase to digest lipids and other enzymes to destroy bacteria.
There is also mucus to lubricate as well as ions .
Salivation is regulated in the brain stem and PSNS nerves at the salivary glands

36
Q

Mucus

A

is secreted into the pharynx / esophagus to lubricate food and to protect the mucosa as the bolus is swallowed , amylase and
lipase are still digesting as the bolus is being swallowed

37
Q

Stomach can only digest

A

protein and can only absorb lipids

38
Q

Mucus/ Bicarb is secreted

A

by mucous cells tonically in response to irritation .
They function to protect the lining of the stomach from the acidic environment

39
Q

Gastrin

A

a hormone ,
is secreted by G cells in the stomach in response to Ach , amino acids , and peptides . Gastrin stimulates
ECL cells and parietal bells to produce acid

40
Q

Histamine

A

is secreted by ECL cells in response to Ach or gastrin .
Histamine stimulates parietal cells to produie acid

41
Q

Pepsinogen

A

is secreted by cheif cells in response to gastrin or acid .
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in audio environments,
which helps to digest proteins.

42
Q

Gastric lipase

A

is secreted by Cheit cells in response to gastrin or acid and helps to digest lipids

43
Q

Gastric acid

A

is secreted by parietal cells in response to Ach , gastrin, or histamine . It activates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin and works to kill bacteria in the stomach .

44
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

is secreted by parietal cells in response to Ach , gastrin ,
or histamine . It allows for absorption of Vitamin B12 in the Small intestines , which helps with RBC production.

45
Q

Somatostatin

A

is secreted by D cells in response to acid . It inhibits acid secretion by inhibiting G cells l
gastrin) , ECL cells (histamine) , and parietal cells (HCl)

46
Q

Gland

A

gastric pit glands are located in the upper part of the stomach and contain mucus neck cells , Cheif cells ,and parietal cells .
Pyloric glands are in the lower part of the stomach and contain G cells and mucous neck cells (pepsinogen)

47
Q

The pancreas secretes

A

digestive enzymes like amylase (stimulated by CCK)
to help digest chyme’
in the small intestines as well as bicarb (stimulated by secretin)

48
Q

trypsin , chymotrypsin , and carboxypolypeptidase digest

A

proteins

49
Q

Pancreatic amylase digest

A

Carbohydrates

50
Q

Pancreatic lipase ,
cholesterol enterase ,
and phospholipase digest

A

lipids

51
Q

the pancreas is protected From autodigestion by storing enzymes as zymogens

A

These are not active until enter kinase
in the SI membrane activates trypsin , which activates the other enzymes

52
Q

Migrating Motor Complex

A

A housekeeping function of the intestines ,
the MMC works to sweep leftover,
undigested residue towards the colon to maintain d bacteria in upper intestine. Periods of intense and rapid peristalsis mediated by Motrin and the ENS .

53
Q

Mastification

A

breaks apart food and increases surface area .
Chewing also mixes food with saliva to begin digestion
of starches by amylase and lipids by lingual lipase and to lubricate food for swallowing.
Mastication is controlled by cranial nerves, brain stem and the mastication reflex

54
Q

Deglutition

A

: the first stage is voluntary to initiate the swallowing process .The pharyngeal phase
is reflex controlled and passes food from pharynx to esophagus.
The esophageal phase is also reflex controlled and passes
food from esophagus to stomach.

55
Q

Esophageal Motility

A

the upper 1/3 of the esophagus is skeletal muscle while the lower 2/3 is smooth muscle .
Movements include primary
peristalsis , a continuation of the swallowing reflex , and secondary peristalsis (controlled by the ENS + brainstem) in response to distension

56
Q

Small intestine motility

A

can have mixing contractions due to slow waves ,
but require spike waves for larger contractions for peristalsis .
These propulsive movements can be enhanced by the gastroenteric reflex , gastrin ,
CCK , Motilin but are inhibited by secretin , glucagon ,SNS

57
Q

Large intestine motility

A

involves Haustrations
(mixing movements) and mass movements 1 peristalsis).
The large intestine works to absorb water and electrolytes and to store fecal matter until expulsion .

Physiology Module 4 (2 decks)

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