learning outcomes chapter 2

Question 1

Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Answer 1

• Electrons: -, 1/2000 the mass of a proton, shell
• proton: +, half the weight of atom, nucleus
• neutron, no charge, other half of weight, nucleus

Question 2

Atp consists of what 3 components?

Answer 2

5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and three phosphates

Question 3

What is atomic number

Answer 3

number of protons in each atom of an element

Question 4

what is atomic mass number

Answer 4

number of protons and neutrons in atom‟s nucleus

Question 5

what is atomic weight

Answer 5

average mass of an atoms isotopes

-also found in the periodic table

Question 6

what are isotopes?

Answer 6

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

Question 7

what are ions?

Answer 7

positively charged ion forms a bond with a negatively charged ions and one atom transfers electrons to another. Ex: NaCl

Question 8

what are non-polar molecules and an example

Answer 8

A molecule that has an even distribution of electrons or an equal sharing of electrons between its atoms. Ex: CO2

Question 9

what are polar molecules? give an example

Answer 9

uneven distribution of electrons- water

Question 10

what are hydrogen bonds and give an example

Answer 10

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. Ex: between dna nucleotides

Question 11

With respect to non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds list each type of bond in order by relative strength.

Answer 11

non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds

Question 12

what are electrolytes?

Answer 12

the ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, blood, or other organic matter.

Question 13

what are free radicals?

Answer 13

an uncharged molecule

Question 14

what are radioisotopes

Answer 14

a radioactive isotope.

Question 15

what is a atom

Answer 15

the basic unit of a chemical element.

Question 16

what is an element?

Answer 16

each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter.

Question 17

what are molecules?

Answer 17

a group of atoms bonded together

Question 18

what are compounds?

Answer 18

a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements

Question 19

what is a solution?

Answer 19

a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).

Question 20

what is a solute

Answer 20

the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.

Question 21

what is a solvent

Answer 21

able to dissolve other substances

Question 22

what is a colloid?

Answer 22

colloids or emulsions, are homogeneous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out

Question 23

what is emulsion

Answer 23

a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another in which it is not soluble or miscible

Question 24

what is a buffer?

Answer 24

a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it

Question 25

Define the term organic molecule.

Answer 25

Organic molecules are usually composed of carbon

Question 26

Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers.

Answer 26

monomers are molecule that can combine with others of the same kind to form a polymer.

Question 27

what are suspensions?

Answer 27

Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures with visible solutes that tend to settle out

Question 28

what are lipids?

Answer 28

organic compound consisting of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by covalent bonds.

Question 29

what are fats?

Answer 29

a large lipid molecule made from glycerol and fatty acid(s)

Question 30

what is glycerol?

Answer 30

a three carbon alcohol molecule with three

hydroxyl groups

Question 31

what is a fatty acid?

Answer 31

a molecule consisting of a carboxyl group
and a hydrocarbon chain with about 15
carbons

Question 32

Fats are ___________ due to the nonpolar covalent bonds of the fatty acid

Answer 32

Fats are hydrophobic due to the nonpolar covalent bonds of the fatty acid

Question 33

what are unsaturated fats?

Answer 33

fats that contain double bonds; fatty acids that are not saturated with hydrogen atoms
Ex: Vegetable oils, corn oils, olive oils, etc.

Question 34

what are saturated fats?

Answer 34

fats that do not contain double bonds; fatty acids that are saturated with hydrogen atoms
Ex: Butter, lard, etc

Question 35

what so phospholipids contain?

Answer 35

they contain phosphorous and have

only two fatty acids

Question 36

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 36

are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 37

the four levels of protein structure

Answer 37

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 38

what is an enzyme?

Answer 38

a protein molecule that functions as a
biological catalyst, increasing the rate of the
reaction without itself being used up