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BIO 102 > Learning Outcome 8 CNS > Flashcards

Learning Outcome 8 CNS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the three connective tissue layers of the meninges. Name them from
superficial to deep (DAP)

A

Dura Mater - outer layer
(Subdural Space - Between dura mater and arachnoid mater)
Arachnoid mater -
(Subarachnoid Space - Between arachnoid mater and pia mater)
Pia Mater - Inner layer, adheres to brain, contains blood vessels

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2
Q

What are the functions of arachnoid granulations?

A

outpocket of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allows for reabsorption of CSF into the blood

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3
Q

What is the ventricular system? What cells line the ventricles?

A

-During fetal development 4 interconnected chambers form
-Contain CSF
- Lined with ependymal cells

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4
Q

2 lateral ventricles connect to the 3rd ventricle via the ________

A

intraventricular foramen

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5
Q

3rd ventricle between the two bodies of the ________ connects to the 4th ventricle via the _________

A

-thalamus
-Cerebral aqueduct

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6
Q

4th ventricle between the pons and medulla oglogota continuous with the central canal of the _____________

A

Spinal Cord
(Apetures - opening in the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space)

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7
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Forms and secretes CSF into the ventricles (Approx 500ml/day)

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8
Q

Arachnoid Villi

A

Reabsorbs CSF into dural venous sinus

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9
Q

Cerebrum

A

-Largest part of the brain
-Controls all cx thoughts/functions
-Processes somatic sensory & motor info from the opposite side of the body

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10
Q

Ridge

A

Gyrus

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11
Q

Groove

A

Sulcus

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12
Q

Deep groove

A

Fissure

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13
Q

Lobes of Cerebrum

A

-Frontal - manage thinking, emotions, personality, judgment, self-control, muscle control and movements, memory storage
-Parietal - sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell
-Occipital - responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion.
-Temporal - communication

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14
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes

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15
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal and forms temporal bones

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16
Q

What nervous tissue structures are found in the cerebral cortex?

A

-Dendrites,cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

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17
Q

What are the three types of cerebral fibers? Which type of fibers connect the cerebrum to other parts of the central nervous system?

A
  1. Association Fibers - connect areas of the cortex in one hemisphere
  2. Commisural Fibers - Interconnections between both hemispheres via the corpus collosum and anterior commissure
  3. Projection Fibers - Connects the cerebrum to other parts of the CNS (All fibers must pass through the diacephalon)
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18
Q

Where are the cerebral nuclei (basal nuclei) located? What is their function?

A

Controls cx skeletal muscle tone and coordination (walking/lifting)
- Located in the the hemispheres as masses of grey matter (Unmyelinated)

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19
Q

What are the three types of functional regions in the cerebrum?

A
  1. Motor
  2. Sensory
  3. Integrative brain regions
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20
Q

Which motor area is found in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary Motor Area (Somatic Motor)

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21
Q

Which motor area controls the ability to form words? Where is it usually
located?

A

Motor Speech Area (Broca’s Area)

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22
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

A

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes

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23
Q

List all the sensory areas of the cerebrum, where they are located and what
their function is.

A
  1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex - (Parietal Lobe)touch, pressure, pain, temp, vibration
  2. Primary visual cortex: Located in the occipital lobe, this cortex processes basic visual information, such as color, light intensity, and movement.
  3. Primary auditory cortex: Located in the temporal lobe, this cortex processes sounds
  4. olfactory cortex - Temporal Lobe - (Smell)
  5. Primary Gustatory - Parietal Lobe - Taste
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24
Q

What are the three integrative areas of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Prefrontal Cortex - problem-solving and thinking
  2. Wernicke’s Area - understanding speech and language
  3. Gnostic Area (Common) - located among the sensory, visual, and auditory association areas
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25
Q

Define hemisphere lateralization.

A

Left - Reading, writing,math, decison making, speech and language

Right - Touch, smell, taste, facial recognition

26
Q

Primary Motor Area

A

controls voluntary contractions of skeletal muscles

27
Q

Premotor Area

A

Premotor area controls repetitive skilled movements

28
Q

Frontal Eye field

A

Frontal eye field controls voluntary eye movements

29
Q

Brocas area

A

area controls movements required for speech

30
Q

Primary Gustatory

A

Primary gustatory area receives taste information

31
Q

Primary olfactory

A

Primary olfactory area receives smell information

32
Q

Primary Visual Area

A

receives visual information

33
Q

Visual Association Area

A

recognizes what has been seen

34
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

receives sound information

35
Q

Auditory Association Area

A

recognizes sound

36
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

translates words into thoughts; interprets verbal
communication

37
Q

Gnostic Area

A

Common integrative area interprets sensory information from all sources to provide for a suitable response

38
Q

Primary somatosensory area

A

Receives sensations of touch, position, pain, pressure and temperature from entire body

39
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

integrates information with touch to determine size, shape, texture and orientation of an object

40
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

integrative area for intellect, cognition, judgement and
personality

41
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon?

A

coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones, relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulating circadian rhythms (the sleep wake cycle)

42
Q

What are the three main components of diencephalon?

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
43
Q

Where is the pineal gland located? What does it secrete?

A

Beneath the back part of the corpus callosum. It’s a part of your endocrine system and secretes the hormone melatonin.

44
Q

What is the function of the thalamus? What sensory impulse does NOT reach the thalamus?

A

Your thalamus is your body’s information relay station. All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation. Your thalamus also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory

-Olfactory (Smell)

45
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

helps manage your body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep.

46
Q

Brain Stem

A

-Midbrain
-Pons
-Medulla Oblongata

47
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain?

A
  • The top part of brainstem - motor control, particularly eye movements and processing of vision and hearing
48
Q

What structure of the ventricular system is found in the pons?

A

The middle portion of your brainstem that coordinates face and eye movements, facial sensations, hearing and balance.
- The 4th ventricle

49
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata? Which reflex centers are located within it?

A

Manages heart, circulation and breathing. Your medulla is where your cardiovascular and respiratory systems link together into a united system that controls your heart rate, breathing, blood pressure and more.

50
Q

Cerebellum

A

-Adjust postural muscles, smooth movements
Outer layer: Cerebral Cortex (Gray matter)
Inner Layer: Arbor Vitae (White Matter)

51
Q

Limbic System

A

-Amygdala and Hippocampus
-Motivation - process and regulate emotion and memory while also dealing with sexual stimulation and learning. Behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and our sense of smell

52
Q

Where is the limbic system located

A

-Form a ring around the brainstem beneath the temporal lobes

53
Q

Amygdala

A

emotion

54
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory

55
Q

How do the amygdala and hippocampus contribute to
the functioning of the limbic system?

A

connect memories to emotions, which generate an emotional response

56
Q

Reticular Formation – what is the reticular formation? What is the function?

A

Mass of gray matter throughout the brainstem that deals with alertness and attention via positive feedback

57
Q

What arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain? Which veins drain the brain?

A

-Internal carotid artery and vertebral arteries supply the brain

  • Dural sinuses and internal Jugular veins drain the brain
58
Q

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? Where are three locations where the blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing?

A

-shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood, supplies brain tissues with nutrients, and filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream.
-Pituitary gland. Median eminence. Area postrema.

59
Q

Where is the spinal cord located? Where is the white matter and gray matter located? Whatis the difference between horns and columns?

A
  • Located from the brain stem (Foramen magnum to L1 and L2)
    -31 Segments
  • Gray Matter Inside (H shaped) (Horns)
    -White matter outside (Columns)
    -Anterior (ventral) roots - axons of efferent (Motor) neurons and cell bodies in gray matter
    -Posterior (Dorsal) Roots - Axons of afferent (Sensory) neursons, cells bodies in dorsal root ganglion
60
Q

What part of the spinal cord attaches to the coccygeal ligament?

A

Filum Terminale

61
Q

Spinal Meninges and their location

A

(epidural space)
1. Dura mater (outer)
(subdural space)
2. Arachnoid Mater (middle)
(Subarachnoid space)
3. Pia Mater (Inner)

62
Q

What two types of spinal cord pathways are there? Which direction to they send signals?

A
  1. Spinothalamic Tract - sensory, ascending pathway (sensory for pain, touch, pressure, temp)
  2. Corticospinal Tract - Motor, Descending pathway (Voluntary control of skeletal muscle)

BIO 102 (4 decks)

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