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BIO 102 > Learning Outcome 10 General and Special Senses > Flashcards

Learning Outcome 10 General and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What three types of stimuli do receptors respond to?

A

(1) a neuron that has a free nerve ending, with dendrites embedded in tissue that would receive a sensation
(2) a neuron that has an encapsulated ending in which the sensory nerve endings are encapsulated in connective tissue that enhances their sensitivity
(3) a specialized receptor cell, which has distinct structural components that interpret a specific type of stimulus

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2
Q

What is a sensation?

A

Sensation is the activation of sensory receptor cells at the level of the stimulus.

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3
Q

Perception vs projection

A

Perception is the central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern. Perception is dependent on sensation, but not all sensations are perceived.

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4
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Sensory receptors becoming less responsive/sensitive as the stimulus continues over time

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5
Q

What two types of sensory receptors are there?

A

General Sense Receptors - Somatic (Skin, mucous membranes, tendons, joints) and Visceral (walls of internal organs)
Special Sense Receptors - Specialized complex sensory organs. Involved in gustation, vision, hearing and equilibrium

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6
Q

What types of receptors are there based on function?

A

-chemoreceptor, interprets chemical stimuli, such as an object’s taste or smell. -Osmoreceptors respond to solute concentrations of body fluids.
- nocicepto, pain is primarily a chemical sense that interprets the presence of chemicals from tissue damage, or similar intense stimuli, through a
- mechanoreceptor. Physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance)
-thermoreceptor , physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a thermoreceptor that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature.

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7
Q

What types of receptors are there based on structure?

A

-Free nerve ending
-Encapsulated nerve ending
-Specialized receptor cell

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8
Q

What are the four components of a sensory mechanism?

A
  • Stimulus (Change in internal environment activates sensory receptor)
  • Sensory Receptor (Converts stimulus to electrical impulse (AP))
  • Sensory Pathway (Conduction occurs along a neural pathway to the brain
  • Sensory Area (Cerebrum) (Receives and integrates the nerve impulse into a sensation)
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9
Q

Where are taste buds found? What are the three types of cells found in taste buds?

A

-Papillae
-Gustatory Cells, Supporting Cells, Basal Cells

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10
Q

What are the five primary taste sensations? What does umami mean?

A

-sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.
-Umami is a Japanese word that means “delicious taste,” and is often translated to mean savory

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11
Q

Which cranial nerve detects taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

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12
Q

What cranial nerve detects taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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13
Q

Where areas of the brain do gustatory impulses reach?

A

-Primary gustatory cortex located in the parietal lobes and insula
(Impulses reach medulla oblongata, pass through the thalamus, then to the primary gustatory cortex)

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14
Q

What are the two types cells found in the olfactory epithelium? Which ones contain chemoreceptors?

A
  • bipolar sensory neurons/olfactory sensory neuron
    -chemoreceptors (odorant gaseous molecules)
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15
Q

What is the sensory mechanism for olfaction? Which cranial nerve do impulses travel along?

A

The sensory mechanism for olfaction is the olfactory nerve, also known as cranial nerve I (CN I), which is responsible for the sense of smell
-Travel DIRECTLY to the cerebrum, they
DO NOT pass through the thalamus

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16
Q

What is Olfaction?

A

Like taste, the sense of smell, or olfaction, is also responsive to chemical stimuli. The olfactory receptor neurons are located in a small region within the superior nasal cavity

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17
Q

What are the two areas where olfaction reaches the brain?

A
  • Olfactory bulbs (inferior to frontal lobes)
  • Primary olfactory cortex (temporal lobes
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18
Q

What is Audition?

A

audition (Hearing) , is the transduction of sound waves into a neural signal that is made possible by the structures of the ear

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19
Q

What are the three regions of the ear?

A
  1. External Ear
  2. Middle Ear
  3. Inner Ear
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20
Q

What are the components of the middle ear?

A

-Tympanic Cavity
-Auditory (euschian tube)
-Auditory Ossicles

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21
Q

What are the components of the internal ear?

A

Bony Labyrinth - Vestibule, Cochlea, 3 semicircular canals
Membranous Labyrinth - Cochlear, Utricle, Saccule, Semicircular Duct

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22
Q

What is the function of the auricle (pinna)?

A

Auricle (Pinna) - Protect ear canal/collect sound waves traveling through air & direct them to the EAM.

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23
Q

Which part of the ear produces cerumen? What is the purpose of cerumen?

A
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24
Q

What type of tissue lines the tympanic membrane on the inside and on the outside?

A

(Eardrum)
Outer - Epithelial Layer
Inner - Mucosa (Endodermal)

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25
What are the three auditory ossicles in order from lateral to medial? What is their purpose?
by three small bones called the ossicles - purpose is to transfer and amplify air vibrations into the inner ear to be processed as sound -malleus (hammer) - incus (anvil) -stapes (stirrup)
26
What is the difference between the oval window and the round window?
-The oval window is located at the beginning of a fluid-filled tube within the cochlea called the scala vestibuli. The scala vestibuli extends from the oval window, travelling above the cochlear duct, which is the central cavity of the cochlea that contains the sound-transducing neurons. (vibrations) -round window, which is covered by a membrane that contains the fluid within the scala. (fluid)
27
What are the three components of the inner ear?
Cochlea: The snail-shaped organ of hearing that converts sound waves into nerve signals Semicircular canals: Fluid-filled tubes that sense head rotation and help with balance Vestibule: The central cavity of the inner ear that helps with balance and equilibrium
28
What part of the inner ear is filled with perilymph?
scala tympani and scala vestibuli of the cochlea
29
What part of the inner ear contains endolymph
cochlear duct
30
What part of the cochlea contains receptors for hearing? What part of the cochlea contains the sensory receptors for hearing?
Cochlear Duct Conatains - Spiral organ (Organ of Corti) which contains * Contains the hearing sensory receptors = hair cells
31
What is the arrangement of these sensory receptors? What is the difference between basilar and tectorial membranes?
Hair cells * Arranged in rows * Possess numerous hair-like extensions (stereocilia = long stiff microvilli) * Found with supporting cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct * Stereocilia embedded in the stiff tectorial membrane above
32
What are the steps in sound waves reaching the auricle and being converted into nerve impulses? What is the path that nerve impulses to reach the primary auditory complex?
33
Label Ear
34
Define equilibrium
The sense of equilibrium is the awareness & monitoring of head position
35
What are the three components of the vestibular apparatus?
Vestibular apparatus includes: * Utricle * Saccule * Semicircular ducts
36
What component of the vestibular apparatus monitors static equilibrium and linear acceleration? - What happens when the head tilts upwards?
Static equilibrium & linear acceleration: Macula (receptor): * Located in the utricle & saccule of the vestibule * Contains hair cells & supporting cells * Hair cells project into a gelatinous membrane which is covered with crystals When the head tilts upwards: * Membrane moves & stretches the hair cells * Generates an impulse & NT release from the vestibular part of CN VIII
37
What component of the vestibular apparatus monitors angular acceleration?
Angular Acceleration Receptors are located in the semicircular ducts
38
What area of the brain interprets most of the impulses regarding equilibrium?
Cerebellum
39
What branch of cranial nerve VIII sends impulses regarding angular acceleration?
Impulses are sent via the vestibular branch of CN VIII
40
What is the ampulla?
Within each semicircular canal there is a region (ampulla) at the base with hair cells & support cells embedded in gelatinous material (cupula)
41
What are the accessory organs of the eye?
* Eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes * Conjunctiva * Lacrimal apparatus/glands * Extrinsic (extraocular) eye muscles
42
What is the function of the lacrimal gland?
Functions to continuously secrete tears
43
Which glands are found in the palpebrae? What is their function?
Tarsal glands (sebaceous gland) release an oily secretion (“sleep”)
44
What is the function of the conjunctiva?
Conjunctiva is transparent specialized epithelium with goblet cells * Functions to: - Moisten the eye (mucin from goblet cells) - Nourish the sclera
45
What is the pathway of lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal gland to the nasal cavity?
Tears are collected by 2 small ducts - lacrimal puncta then flow into lacrimal canaliculi which lead to the lacrimal sac  nasolacrimal duct  nasal cavity
46
What are the six extrinsic muscles of the eye? What are the three cranial nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye muscles?
Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye * These muscles are inserted on the eye’s outer surface & function to rotate the eyeball: * Superior rectus * Inferior rectus * Medial rectus * Lateral rectus (CN VI) * Superior oblique (CN IV) * Inferior oblique oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), and abducens (CN VI)
47
What are the three tunics of the eye?
* Fibrous (external) – sclera and cornea * Vascular (middle) – iris, ciliary body, choroid * Retina (inner) – pigmented and neural layers
48
Which tunic contains the cornea? What is the function of the cornea?
Fibrous (External) Cornea * “Window of the eye” - transparent region * Allows light rays to enter the eye to help focus them on the retina * Contains only a few layer of cells * Avascular
49
What tissue is the sclera made of?
Sclera * White, dense irregular CT * Give shape to the eyeball * Protect delicate inner parts of the eye * Provide attachment for extrinsic muscles
50
What is the function of the choroid?
Covers the posterior part of the eye * Contains: Blood vessels * Provide nourishment to the surrounding tissues Melanocytes * Produce melanin which absorbs stray light rays. This prevents reflection & scattering of light within the eye
51
What structures form the ciliary body? What structure secretes aqueous humor?
Ciliary muscles (smooth muscle), Ciliary Processes, Suspensory Ligaments Ciliary processes * Capillaries secrete aqueous humor which functions to: * Nourish the lens & cornea * Fills the space between the lens & cornea * Cover the ciliary muscles
52
How many sets of smooth muscle fibers are found in the iris?
2 sets of smooth muscle fibers (pupillary mm)
53
Divides the anterior cavity of the eye into anterior and posterior chambers
The iris
54
What muscles of the pupil contract during low (dim) light?
Low light (dim) * Sympathetic stimulation * Contraction of the dilator pupillae muscles enlarge the pupil
55
What is the pupillary reflex?
Alters pupil size in response to light - bright light initiates reflex to constrict pupil
56
What structure is found in the posterior cavity of the eye? What is its function?
retina, which is a light-sensitive layer of nerve cells that converts light into electrical impulses
57
How many layers are found in the retina?
Consists of 2 layers: Pigmented layer * Outer layer next to choroid * Absorbs stray light * Provides Vitamin A for photoreceptors Neural layer * Inner layer * Contains photoreceptors & supporting cells which receive light & convert it to nerve signals
58
Which layer of the retina contains the photoreceptors? Which type of photoreceptor is involved in color vision?
The neural layer contains 2 types of photoreceptors: Contain pigments that react to light Rods * Important in dim light * No color discrimination Cones * Important for daylight * Color vision
59
What part of the retina does not contain any photoreceptors? Which part of the retina contains only cones?
Optic disk: Does not contain photoreceptors Fovea centralis - Contains only Cones
60
Which structure of the eye functions to focus light rays onto the photoreceptors of the retina?
The Lens
61
What is the difference between refraction and accommodation?
Refraction: * The bending of light waves onto the retina to produce an image Accommodation: * Automatic adjustment of the eye to produce a clear image when objects are closer than 20 ft * Parasympathetic nervous system (via CN III)
62
What happens to the lens when viewing close objects? Which structure contracts?
Viewing close objects * Ciliary muscle contracts * Suspensory ligaments relax * Lens becomes rounder (chubby)
63
What happens to the lens when viewing distant objects? Which structure contracts?
Viewing distant objects * Ciliary muscle relaxes * Suspensory ligaments contract * Lens becomes flattened (thinner)
64
What is the pathway of aqueous humor in the eye? What structure reabsorbs aqueous humor?
* Secreted by the ciliary processes of the ciliary body into the posterior chamber * Aqueous humor moves from the posterior chamber, through the pupil to the anterior chamber * Excess aqueous humor is resorbed into the scleral venous sinus
65
What are the steps in the refraction of light in the eye starting as a light of ray until it reaches the rods and cones in the retina?
Refraction pathway in the eye * Light ray in air – Cornea - AH (anterior chamber – pupil – posterior chamber) - Lens – VH - Cells of the retina (rods & cones)
66
What three changes need to occur to see?
Convergence of eyes * Extrinsic eye muscles bring eyes medially to have the image hit both foveas when object(s) close Accommodation of the lens * Lens changes shape depending on location of object(s) * Near objects (< 20 feet) – ciliary muscle contracts, suspensory ligaments relax, lens thickens Constriction of the pupil * Sphincter pupillae contracts due to parasympathetic signaling for close objects (near response)
67
What happens in phototransduction?
Rods & cones (photoreceptors) convert light (photons) into an electrical impulse
68
What happens when all the photons are absorbed?
If all photons are absorbed by an object it will appear black
69
What is the visual pathway?
* Photoreceptors bundle at the optic disc to form the optic nerve (CN II) * Optic nerves meet anterior to the pituitary gland at the optic chiasm * At the optic chiasma: * Optic nerve fibers from the medial half of each retina cross over to the other side * Optic nerve fibers from the lateral half of each retina remain on the same side * Optic tracts leave the optic chiasma, reach the thalamus, redirected to the visual cortex of both occipital lobes
70
Label the eye

BIO 102 (5 decks)

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