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BIO 103 > Learning Outcome 5 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Learning Outcome 5 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration
  • Remove the waste product carbon dioxide
  • Help to maintain acid-base balance
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2
Q

What are the two functional sections of the respiratory system, and what is the difference between them?

A

Conducting Zone
- The organs not directly involved in gas exchange
Respiratory Zone
- Gas exchange occurs

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3
Q

What is the main function of the lungs?

A

The primary role of the lungs is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, ensuring that the body has the oxygen it needs and removing the carbon dioxide that is produced as a waste product.

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4
Q

What are the three major pressures that drive pulmonary ventilation (breathing)?

A
  1. Atmospheric Pressure
  2. Intrapulmonary Pressure (alveolar volume)
  3. Intrapleaural Pressure
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5
Q

What is respiration? What gases are exchanged at the respiratory membrane?

A

Respiration is the process of exchanging oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
The primary gases exchanged at the respiratory membrane are oxygen (O₂) (moving from alveoli to blood) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) (moving from blood to alveoli).

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6
Q

How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

Oxygen is primarily transported bound to hemoglobin (98.5%) and dissolved in plasma (1.5%).

Carbon dioxide is mainly transported as bicarbonate ions (70%), bound to hemoglobin (23%), and dissolved in plasma (7%).

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7
Q

Conducting Zone Function

A

Provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air.

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8
Q

What bones form the bridge of the nose?

A

The nasal bones primarily form the bridge of the nose, with the maxilla contributing to its lower aspect. (The nose bones connect to the frontal bone (Forhead))

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9
Q

What purposes do the conchae and nasal meatuses serve?

A

The conchae (nasal turbinates) increase surface area, create turbulent airflow, and help warm and humidify the air.
The nasal meatuses direct airflow and allow for drainage of mucus from the sinuses, contributing to a clean, moist airflow.

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10
Q

Paranasal sinuses _____________ and ______________ incoming air.

A

Warm and Humidify

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11
Q

_______________ __________________ lines the conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses and is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium.

A

Mucous membrane

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12
Q

What are the three major regions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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13
Q

What purpose does the nasopharynx serve? What passes through it?

A

Only air passes through
- At the top of the nasopharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils
- Auditory (Eustachian) tubes that connect to each middle ear cavity open into the nasopharynx.

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14
Q

What is the oropharynx connected to anteriorly?

A

Oral cavity

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15
Q

The laryngopharynx is connected to the ______________ anteriorly and the
_______________ posteriorly.

A

larynx anteriorly and the esophagus posteriorly.

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16
Q

The larynx connects the pharynx to the ________________.

A

trachea

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17
Q

Where does the epiglottis rest when in the “closed” position?

A

When in the “closed” position, the unattached end of the epiglottis rests on the glottis.

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18
Q

What purpose do the true vocal cords serve?

A

The inner edges of the true vocal cords are free, allowing oscillation to produce sound.

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19
Q

When swallowing, how does the epiglottis prevent food from entering the trachea?

A

The epiglottis acts as a protective flap during swallowing by covering the glottis and preventing food and liquids from entering the trachea, ensuring they are directed into the esophagus instead.

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20
Q

The trachea connects the larynx to the ______________.

A

Bronchi

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21
Q

What purpose do the C-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea serve?

A

structural support to keep the airway open while allowing flexibility during swallowing.

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22
Q

What functional purpose does the carina serve?

A
  • The carina is a raised structure that contains specialized nervous tissue that induces violent coughing if a foreign body, such as food, is present.
  • The trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi at the carina.
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23
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

The main function of the bronchi, like other conducting zone structures, is to provide a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung. In addition, the mucous membrane traps debris and pathogens.

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24
Q

What is a brochiole

A

A bronchiole branches from the tertiary bronchi. Bronchioles, which are about 1 mm in diameter, further branch until they become the tiny terminal bronchioles, which lead to the structures of gas exchange.

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25
The muscular walls of the bronchioles do not contain _________ like those of the bronchi.
Cartilage
26
Where does the respiratory zone begin
The respiratory zone begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole, the smallest type of bronchiole , which then leads to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli.
27
An __________ __________ leads to a cluster of alveoli, an alveolar sac
Alveolar Duct
28
What cell type makes up most of the surface area of an alveolus?
Type I Alveolar Cell
29
Type II Alveolar Cell secretes __________
Surfactant (reduces the surface tension of the alveoli)
30
What immune cell is present within the lungs?
Alveolar Macrophage a phagocytic cell of the immune system that removes debris and pathogens that have reached the alveoli.
31
What are the three types of cells in the alveoli?
1. Type I alveolar cells are involved in gas exchange. 2. Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant and aid in repair. 3. Alveolar macrophages defend the lungs by removing pathogens and debris.
32
What is the anatomy of the respiratory membrane? What is its function?
Formed by the alveoli and capillary membranes Function - The respiratory membrane allows gases to cross by simple diffusion, allowing oxygen to be picked up by the blood for transport and CO2 to be released into the air of the alveoli.
33
What borders the lungs inferiorly?
Diaphragm
34
What encloses the lungs?
The pleurae
35
How many lobes does the left lung have compared to the right lung?
The left lung has 2 lobes, Right has 3 Lobes
36
Why is blood supply necessary for the lungs?
The blood supply of the lungs plays an important role in gas exchange and serves as a transport system for gases throughout the body.
37
The pulmonary artery carries __________ blood to the alveoli of the lungs
Deoxygenated
38
The pulmonary veins exit the lungs through the ______ and drain ____________ blood to the left side of the heart
Hilum Oxygenated
39
Bronchoconstriction is controlled by the _______________ system and bronchodilation is controlled by the ________________ system.
parasympathetic system causes bronchoconstriction, whereas the sympathetic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation.
40
What are the two layers of the pleura that surround the lungs?
visceral pleura is the layer that is superficial to the lungs, and extends into and lines the lung fissures parietal pleura is the outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The visceral and parietal pleurae connect to each other at the hilum. The pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal layers.
41
Where are the difference in pressures important for Inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration: During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, while the external intercostal muscles contract, raising the rib cage. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, causing the intrapulmonary pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure Expiration Diaphragm/external intercostal muscles relaxes, Intrapulmonary pressure increases
42
What is Boyle’s law?
Boyle's Law explains how changes in lung volume during breathing lead to changes in pressure that drive the flow of air into and out of the lungs.
43
What is normal atmospheric pressure?
760 mm Hg
44
Intra-alveolar pressure always equalizes with _______________ ________________.
atmospheric pressure.
45
The difference between intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressure is
Intrapleural pressure is lower then intrapulmonary pressure
46
Contraction and relaxation of what muscles controls breathing?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
47
What is the relationship between flow and resistance?
Airflow is opposed by resistance. Includes factors that oppose the movement of air into the lungs. Ex) Change in bronchiole diameter, collapse of alveoli
48
What is thoracic wall compliance?
Ease of lung expansion Lower compliance, more difficult to fill the lungs Affected by CT tissue of the lungs and decreased mobility of chest wall (emphysema)
49
Recall that air flows ____________ a pressure gradient, from high pressure to low pressure
Down
50
What is a respiratory cycle?
One inspiration and one exhalation
51
What happens to the volume and pressure of the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm contracts?
(Inspiration) the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, and the pressure inside the thoracic cavity decreases.
52
During quiet breathing, is expiration active or passive? Why?
Passive - muscles relax
53
During forced breathing, is expiration active or passive? Why?
Active (Abdominal and intercostal muscles contract)
54
What are the four major types of respiratory volumes?
1. Tidal volume (TV) - is the amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing, which is about 500 milliliters. 2. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)- is the amount of air you can forcefully exhale past a normal tidal expiration, up to 1200 milliliters for males. 3. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is produced by a deep inhalation, past a tidal inspiration. This is the extra volume that can be brought into the lungs during a forced inspiration. 4. Residual volume (RV) is the air left in the lungs if you exhale as much air as possible. The
55
What is the respiratory volume that corresponds to the movement of air during quiet breathing?
Tidal Volume
56
What capacity is the amount of air a person can move in and out of their lungs?
500mls
57
What is the difference between anatomical and alveaolar dead space?
58
Where are the major brain regions for pulmonary ventilation located in the brain?
medulla oblongata (Primary) and pons (Secondary).
59
The ______________ ______________ _____________ is involved in constant breathing and the _____________ ______________ _____________ is involved in forced breathing.
The Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) is involved in constant (quiet) breathing, and the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) is involved in forced breathing.
60
What does the apneustic center in the pons control?
controlling the depth of inspiration, particularly for deep breathing.
61
What does the pneumotaxic center control and where is it located?
The pneumotaxic center is a network of neurons that inhibits the activity of neurons in the DRG (DOrsal respiratory group in the medulla ologata), allowing relaxation after inspiration, and thus controlling the overall rate.
62
The concentration of what gas is the major factor in stimulating respiration?
CO2 in the blood
63
Where are central and peripheral chemoreceptors located?
A central chemoreceptor - brain and brainstem, peripheral chemoreceptor- carotid arteries and aortic arch.
64
Increased carbon dioxide in the blood leads to what effect on respiration?
Increases RR to expell exccess CO2
65
If peripheral chemoreceptors sense low oxygenation what happens?
Stimulate in Increase in respiratory activity
66
What two gases make up most of the air we breathe? Which gas is most abundant?
Nitrogen (N2) 78.6% Oxygen (O2) 20.9%
67
What is partial pressure?
pressure that a single gas exerts in a given mixture
68
Dalton’s law
the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture
69
How can we use partial pressure to predict where a gas will move?
A gas will move from an area where its partial pressure is higher to an area where its partial pressure is lower.
70
What does Henry’s Law tell us about the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
Henry’s law states that the concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility and partial pressure of that gas. The greater the partial pressure of the gas, the greater the number of gas molecules that will dissolve in the liquid.
71
Why is the concentration of carbon dioxide greater in the alveoli than in the atmosphere?
72
______________ is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, and ______________ is the flow of blood in the pulmonary capillaries
ventilation perfusion
73
Ventilation is regulated by the diameter of the _______________ and perfusion is regulated by the diameter of the ______________ _____________.
airways blood vessels
74
What is the difference between internal and external respiration?
External respiration (alveolar gas exchange) * Exchange of O2 & CO2 between alveoli of lungs & pulmonary capillaries * Conversion of deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood Internal respiration (systemic gas exchange) * Exchange of O2 & CO2 between blood capillaries & body cells * Conversion of oxygenated blood to deoxygenated blood
75
External Respiration: Where does most of the oxygen end up in the blood?
Most of the oxygen (O₂) that diffuses across the respiratory membrane binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin. This allows oxygen to be transported throughout the body. A small amount of O₂ also dissolves directly into the plasma, but the majority is carried by hemoglobin.
76
External Respiration: Why does oxygen diffuse from the alveoli to the blood?
Oxygen (O₂) diffuses from the alveoli to the blood due to a difference in partial pressures. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) in the alveoli is higher (around 100 mmHg) compared to the PO₂ in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries (around 40 mmHg). Because gases move from areas of higher to lower pressure, O₂ diffuses from the alveoli (where its concentration is higher) into the blood (where its concentration is lower).
77
External Respiration: Why does carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood to the alveoli?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) diffuses from the blood into the alveoli because of a similar pressure gradient. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂) in the blood is higher (around 45 mmHg) compared to the PCO₂ in the alveolar air (around 40 mmHg). CO₂ moves from the blood (where its concentration is higher) into the alveoli (where its concentration is lower) to be exhaled.
78
Internal respiration Why does oxygen move from blood to tissues?
Oxygen (O₂) moves from the blood to the tissues due to a difference in partial pressures. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) in the blood is higher (around 100 mmHg) compared to the PO₂ in the tissues (around 40 mmHg). This pressure gradient causes oxygen to diffuse from the blood (where its concentration is higher) into the tissues (where its concentration is lower) to meet the metabolic demands of the cells.
79
Internal Respiration Why is there more carbon dioxide in the tissues than in the blood?
There is more carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the tissues than in the blood because CO₂ is a waste product of cellular metabolism. As cells in the tissues produce energy (via cellular respiration), they generate CO₂, which diffuses into the blood. The partial pressure of CO₂ (PCO₂) is higher in the tissues (around 45 mmHg) compared to the blood (around 40 mmHg), so CO₂ moves from the tissues (where its concentration is higher) into the blood (where its concentration is lower) to be transported to the lungs for exhalation.
80
What is the primary way oxygen is transported in the blood?
98% of O2 transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (Hemoglobin without O2 = deoxyhemoglobin)
81
What part of hemoglobin carries oxygen?
Heme
82
How many protein subunits does hemoglobin have?
4
83
As oxygen binds does that make it easier or hard for the next oxygen molecule to bind?
Easier
84
What is a normal hemoglobin saturation in a healthy individual?
95-99%
85
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociated curve: What is this curve describing?
is a graph that describes the relationship of partial pressure to the binding of oxygen to heme and its subsequent dissociation from heme
86
As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, what happens to the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, a proportionately greater number of oxygen molecules are bound by heme.
87
Higher temperature promotes hemoglobin and oxygen to dissociate _____________, and lower temperature _______________ dissociation
faster inhibit
88
What is the Bohr effect?
the relationship between pH and oxygen’s affinity for hemoglobin: A lower, more acidic pH promotes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin. In contrast, a higher, or more basic, pH inhibits oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin.
89
What are the three major mechanisms used to transport carbon dioxide in the blood?
1. blood plasma, as some carbon dioxide molecules dissolve in the blood 2. bicarbonate (HCO3–), which also dissolves in plasma. 3. erythrocytes
90
How much carbon dioxide is usually dissolved into the blood plasma?
7-10%
91
How much carbon dioxide is bound to bicarbonate?
70%
92
Carbonic acid dissociates into what two molecules?
Bicarbonate (HCO3–) and hydrogen (H+)
93
Why does the chloride shift matter?
occurs because by exchanging one negative ion for another negative ion, neither the electrical charge of the erythrocytes nor that of the blood is altered.
94
How does hemoglobin transport carbon dioxide?
About 20 percent of carbon dioxide is bound by hemoglobin and is transported to the lungs. Carbon dioxide does not bind to iron as oxygen does; instead, carbon dioxide binds amino acid moieties on the globin portions of hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin, which forms when hemoglobin and carbon dioxide bind.

BIO 103 (6 decks)

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