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Learning Outcome 2 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective Tissue

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2
Q

What are the three components of the formed elements of blood?

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) (Erythrocytes) - Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
White Blood Cells (WBCs) (Leukocytes) - Immune defense and protection against pathogens
Platelets (Thrombocytes) - Blood clotting and wound healing

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3
Q

What is the primary function of blood?

A

The primary function of blood is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to and remove wastes from body cells

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4
Q

What substances does the blood transport?

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, immune
system components, waste products

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5
Q

Where are waste products in the blood transported to for excretion?

A

Blood also picks up cellular wastes and byproducts, and transports them to various organs for removal. For instance, blood moves carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation from the body, and various waste products are transported to the kidneys and liver for excretion from the body in the form of urine or bile.

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6
Q

What cells in the blood are involved in immune defense?

A

WBC’s

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7
Q

What in blood is responsible for blood clotting?

A

blood platelets and certain proteins dissolved in the plasma, the fluid portion of the blood, interact to block the ruptured areas of the blood vessels involved.

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8
Q

Aside from temperature, what other aspects of homeostasis do blood and its
components regulate

A
  • Body pH
  • Fluid Balance
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9
Q

What is a hematocrit and what does it measure?

A
  • The percentage (%) of the volume of formed elements in whole blood

-measures the percentage of RBCs,

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10
Q

What is the normal value for packed cell volume?

A

Known as Hematocrit
38-46% females
* 42-56% males

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11
Q

What pigment in blood is responsible for the coloration?

A

hemoglobin is a pigment that changes color, depending upon the degree of oxygen saturation.

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12
Q

Is blood more or less viscous than water?

A

Blood is viscous and somewhat sticky to the touch. It has a viscosity approximately five times greater than water.

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13
Q

Is blood normally higher or lower than body temperature?

A

The normal temperature of blood is slightly higher than normal body temperature—about 38 °C (or

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14
Q

What is a normal value for blood volume of an adult?

A

Blood constitutes approximately 8 percent of adult body weight. Adult males typically average about 5 to 6 liters of blood. Females average 4–5 liters.

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15
Q

What percent of plasma is water?

A

92%

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16
Q

What percent of plasma is plasma proteins?

A

7%

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17
Q

What are the differences between albumin, globulins and fibrinogen?

A

Plasma Proteins
See Below

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18
Q

Albumin

A

58%)
*Most abundant
*Smallest plasma protein
*Produced by the liver
*Maintains the colloid osmotic pressure in blood
*Transports fatty acids & hormones (thyroid, steroid)

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19
Q

Globulins

A

(37%)
Alpha (60%)
* Transport lipids, some metal ions
* Example - prothrombin
* key component for coagulation

Beta (35%)
* Transport globulins
* lipids, steroid hormones, fat soluble vitamins
* Transport small ions and other compounds
* Low water solubility

Gamma* (5%)
* Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
* Produced by lymphocyte

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20
Q

Fibrinogen

A

(4%)
* Produced by liver
* Key component for coagulation

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21
Q

Why is albumin an important plasma protein? What organ produces it?

A

Liver, albumin molecules serve as binding proteins—transport vehicles for fatty acids and steroid hormones.

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22
Q

What is the most common type of globulin?

A

Alpha

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23
Q

What other substances are found in plasma?

A

<1%

These include various electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium ions; dissolved gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen; various organic nutrients, such as vitamins, lipids, glucose, and amino acids; and metabolic wastes

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24
Q

What term is used to describe the formation of formed elements (blood cells)? Where
does this process take place in the body?

A

Prior to birth, hemopoiesis occurs in a number of tissues, beginning with the yolk sac of the developing embryo, and continuing in the fetal liver, spleen, lymphatic tissue, and eventually the red bone marrow.

Following birth, most hemopoiesis occurs in the red marrow, a connective tissue within the spaces of spongy (cancellous) bone tissue. In children, hemopoiesis can occur in the medullary cavity of long bones; in adults, the process is largely restricted to the cranial and pelvic bones, the vertebrae, the sternum, and the proximal epiphyses of the

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25
Three types of formed elements
* Erythrocytes (RBCs) * Leukocytes (WBCs) * Thrombocytes (Platelets)
26
Which cells are produced from lymphoid stem cells? Which cells are produced from myeloid stem cells?
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to a class of leukocytes known as lymphocytes, which include the various T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, all of which function in immunity. Myeloid stem cells give rise to all the other formed elements, including the erythrocytes; megakaryocytes that produce platelets; and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
27
Low oxygen stimulates the kidneys to produce which hemopoietic growth factor? What type of cell is produced to improve oxygen levels in the blood?
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the interstitial fibroblast cells of the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. It prompts the production of erythrocytes.
28
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
RBC's pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body’s tissues, and to pick up some (about 24 percent) carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and transport it to the lungs for exhalation.
29
Can erythrocytes leave the vascular network?
Erythrocytes remain within the vascular network.
30
Describe the shape of erythrocytes and how this is important to their function.
Flattened, Biconcave disk, no nucleus, pale red colour
31
What is hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is a large molecule made up of proteins and iron.
32
What is it composed of?
It consists of four folded chains of a protein called globin Composed of: * 4 subunits * 2 alpha chains * 2 beta chains
33
Which element is required for hemoglobin to function correctly?
Iron
34
What is the function of hemoglobin in the body?
Binds and transports O2 and CO2
35
What is the term which describes when oxygen is bound to the iron in hemoglobin?
Oxyhemoglobin (Bright red) Not bound = Deoxyhemoglobin (Dark red)
36
What is the term when hemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide?
carbaminohemoglobin
37
What term refers to the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoiesis
38
What four items (3 vitamins and an element) are required for the production of red blood cells?
* Vitamin B12 (Extrinsic factor) * B6 * Folic acid * Iron (Always bound to plasma proteins)
39
Which hormone stimulates stem cell division and an increase in the maturation of red blood cells by increasing the rate of hemoglobin production?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
40
What is the normal lifespan of erythrocytes?
120 Days
41
What is the count of erythrocytes in the blood? Males have a higher count than females.
* ~5.4 million/ml (males) * ~4.8 million/ml (females)
42
Describe the destruction and recycling of damaged or old erythrocytes.
Damaged or old RBCs are phagocytized by macrophages in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
43
Where is iron stored in the body?
Stored in liver and spleen or sent back to bone marrow
44
What three locations in the body can handle the removal of old erythrocytes?
Spleen, Liver, Bone marrow
45
What happens to globin, iron and heme from an erythrocyte?
Globin is broken down into amino acids, which are recycled for new protein synthesis. Iron is recycled, stored in the liver and spleen, and transported to the bone marrow for new red blood cell production. Heme is broken down into bilirubin, which is processed by the liver and excreted via bile or urine.
46
Are leukocytes mobile? Where are they produced?
* Are mobile and are attracted to damaged tissue via inflammation *Made in the red bone marrow (leukopoiesis)
47
What are the functions of leukocytes in the body?
* Defend body against pathogens * Remove toxins, wastes & abnormal cells
48
Compared to erythrocytes, are leukocytes less numerous or more numerous in blood?
Less, Normal Count - 4500 -11000/ml
49
What are the types of granular leukocytes?
- Neutrophils (bacterial defense, phagocytosis) - Eosinophils (parasite defense, allergic reactions) - Basophils (inflammation, allergy histamine/Heparin release) BEN’ & ‘PHIL
50
What is the most abundant granular leukocyte?
Neutrophil
51
How do neutrophils deal with invading bacterial pathogens?
Attack bacteria by engulfing and digesting them (degranulation)
52
What is the lifespan of neutrophils?
10-12 hours (in blood) then enter tissues
53
What type of granular leukocyte can attack large parasites like worms?
Eosinophils
54
What is the lifespan of eosinophils?
Minutes to day
55
Which granular leukocyte releases both histamine and heparin? What is the function of histamine and heparin in the body?
Basophils Histamine * Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability Heparin * Anticoagulation
56
What are the types of agranular leukocytes?
MOna LYsa’ Monocytes, lymphocytes
57
How long do lymphocytes live? What are the three types? What is the function of each type?
* Months to years T cells * Cell-mediated immunity * Enter tissues and attack foreign cells directly and/or control activities of other lymphocytes B cells * Humoral immunity (antibody-mediated) * Increase in B cell numbers which then differentiate into plasma cells which make antibodies Natural killer (NK) cells * Immune surveillance * Destruction of abnormal cells * NO specific mechanism
58
What is the function of monocytes? What is their lifespan?
Life span – months Become macrophages * Once they leave blood and enter tissues *Phagocytosis - Engulf bacteria, viruses, cell fragments and debris *Secrete substances that attract other immune system cells and fibrocytes to the injured area
59
*Percentage of total leukocytes:
*Never let monkeys eat bananas’ * Neutrophils – 50 to 70% * Lymphocytes – 20 to 40% * Monocytes – 2 to 8% * Eosinophils – 1 to 4% * Basophils – 0.5 to 1%
60
What is another term for thrombocytes?
Platelets
61
What is the function of thrombocytes?
forming platelet plugs and releasing clotting factors.
62
What is the normal count of thrombocytes in the blood?
* 150,000 to 400,000/ml
63
Define hemostasis.
Hemostasis is the process that stops bleeding (blood loss) when a blood vessel is damaged
64
What are the four phases of hemostasis?
1. Injury 2. Vascular Spasm 3. Platelet Plug Formation 4. Coagulation Phase
65
What happens during vascular spasm?
* Smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels contract * Triggered by damage to vessel wall 3 steps: 1. Endothelial cells contract to expose basement membrane to bloodstream 2. Endothelial cells release endothelins * Stimulate smooth muscle contraction (vasoconstriction) * Stimulate cell division (repair) 3. Endothelial cell membranes become sticky * For self adhesion * For platelet adhesion
66
What happens during the formation of the platelet plug?
Platelets stick to endothelial surface * Become activated *Release factors (clotting factors, Ca2+, etc.) to intensify the reaction & help platelets aggregate with each other *Stops due to the release of enzymes and the formation of a temporary blood clot
67
How quickly does it take for a platelet plug to form?
*Typically formed within 1 minute
68
What type of feedback occurs in the platelet plug formation phase?
Positive Feedback
69
What happens during the coagulation phase?
Begins within 30 sec or so post-injury * A cascade of reactions * Inactive proteins converted to active proteins * Continues until fibrin mesh (net) is formed * Insoluble * Fibrin mesh traps cells = clot
70
What nutrients and/or factors are required for the coagulation phase?
Ca2+ * Vitamin K - needed by liver to make prothrombin & fibrinogen * Clotting factors - most produced by liver * Platelets
71
Which organ is responsible for the production of most of the clotting factors?
Liver
72
What is the purpose of Vitamin K in blood clotting?
needed by liver to make prothrombin & fibrinogen
73
What triggers the intrinsic pathway?
The intrinsic pathway, which begins in the bloodstream and is triggered by internal damage to the wall of the vessel.
74
What triggers the extrinsic pathway?
The extrinsic pathway, which normally is triggered by trauma.
75
What factor, once activated, starts the common pathway?
Begins with activated clotting factor X
76
What occurs during fibrinolysis? What is being degraded?
Degration of the clot
77
What role does plasmin play in fibrinolysis?
gradually breaks down the fibrin of the clot. digests fibrin strands
78
What type of substances are antithrombin and heparin?
anticoagulants
79
What is the function of plasma anticoagulants?
Limit the coagulation process to the region of injury * Restore a normal, clot-free condition of blood
80
Why is blood typing important?
81
Antigens – What are antigens? Why are they important?
Antigens are substances that may trigger a defensive response from leukocytes of the immune system if the body does not recognize the antigen as belonging to "self." = agglutinogens * Cell membrane surface markers of RBCs * Help us recognize “us” * Genetically determined
82
Antibodies – What are antibodies?
* = agglutinins * Present in our blood * Based on type of ‘self’ agglutinogens and previous exposure (Rh factor only)
83
ABO Blood group – How are blood groups created?
84
4 Blood Types
1. Type A * A antigens (on RBC) * B antibodies (in plasma) 2. Type B * B antigens (on RBC) * A antibodies (in plasma) 3. Type AB * A antigens & B antigens (onRBC) * NO antibodies (in plasma) 4. Type O * NO antigens (on RBC) * A antibodies & B antibodies (inplasma)
85
What is agglutination? Why does agglutination occur?
* Clumping of RBCs Why does it happen? * Surface antigens on RBCs of a blood donor are attacked by the antibodies of the recipient
86
Rh Factor (D) If someone has antigen D on their red blood cells, are they considered Rh positive or Rh negative?
Positive
87
Why is important to determine the maternal Rh factor in a pregnant female?
if she is Rh-negative and her baby is Rh-positive, her body could develop antibodies against the baby's blood, potentially causing complications for the baby during pregnancy or at birth
88
What blood type is a universal donor? Why? What blood type is a universal recipient? Why?
O - Universal Donor because it has no antigens AB - Universal recipient because it has no antigens

BIO 103 (6 decks)

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