Learning Outcome 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the body’s structure
Physiology
The study of the body’s function
Why is it important to understand the structures and functions of the human body?
To be able to understand and recognize when the body is not functioning normally.
Anatomical Position
Means the body is erect, with arms at the sides and palms turned forward
Anterior (ventral)
Located at or toward the front of the body. For example, the lungs are
located anterior to the spinal cord
Central
Located in the center
What is located centrally in the chest?
The heart
What is located anterior to the spinal cord?
Lungs
Cranial
Referring to the head
What is situated in the cranial cavity?
The brain
Deep
Distance from the surface of the body
What is deep in comparison to the skin?
Bones
Distal
The part farthest from the center of the body, or center of attachment
What is distal to the knee?
Foot
Inferior
Below another part, toward the lower aspect
What is inferior to the knee?
Feet
Lateral
Located towards the side of the body, away from the midline
What is lateral to the nose?
Eyes
Medial
Located nearest to the midline of the body
What is medial to the ears?
Eyes, nose
Peripheral
Away from the center of the body
What extends peripherally from the heart?
Arteries and veins
Posterior (dorsal)
Located at or towards the back of the body
What is posterior to the lungs?
Spinal cord
Proximal
The part nearest the center of the body or the point of attachment
What is proximal to the foot?
Knee
Superficial
Near the surface of the body
What is superficial to the bones?
Skin
Superior
Above another part, toward the head
What is superior to the chest?
Head
Referring to your left leg, is the inside of your ankle medial or lateral?
Medial
Is your head consider superior or inferior to your heart?
Superior
Name a body part that is inferior to your heart
Anything below the heart
What is the most distal aspect of your hand?
Fingers
Are fingers superior or inferior to your elbow?
Inferior
What body parts are anterior on your body?
Abdomen, nose, kneecap
What body parts are posterior on your body?
Spine, glutes, calves, back of neck
Ventral cavity
Pertains to cavities located in the front of the body
What cavities are in the ventral cavity?
Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
Thoracic cavity location
Above the abdominal cavity
The thoracic cavity contains
The heart, lungs, and large blood vessels
Abdominal cavity location
Between the thoracic and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity location
Between the thoracic and pelvic cavities
The abdominal cavity contains?
Stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, appendix, and the kidneys
Pelvic cavity location
Inferior to the abdominal cavity
The pelvic cavity contains?
Bladder, internal reproductive organs, and lower parts of the intestines
Dorsal cavity
Pertains to all cavities located in the back of the body
Cavities in the dorsal cavity
Cranial and spinal cavities
Cranial cavity location
Space inside the skull
The cranial cavity contains?
The brain
Spinal cavity location
From cranial cavity to the end of the vertebrae
The spinal cavity contains?
The spinal cord
The spinal cavity contains?
The spinal cord
Acute
Condition that is short but severe
Adaptation
Body’s response to a changing environment or situation
Adaptation
Body’s response to a changing environment or situation
Ambulatory
Able to walk
Artery
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Atrophy
Wasting away of a part of the body due to lack of use
Benign
Non-malignant or not serious
Benign
Non-malignant or not serious
Capillary
Small blood vessel in which food and oxygen pass through to cells
Cell
Basic unit of body structure
Chronic
Condition lasting a long time (6 months)
Chronic
Condition lasting a long time (6 months)
Collateral
Additional growth
Collateral
Additional growth
Compensation
When an organ or system cannot adapt, it compensates by altering the function
Connective
Type of tissue that holds organs in place and holds the body together
Digestion
The process of physically and chemically digesting food so it can be absorbed by use of the cells in the body
Enzyme
A substance that speeds up a chemical change
Epithelial
Cells that form the outer layer of the skin
Hemoglobin
Substance in red blood cells that give blood its colour and carries oxygen for the cells
Hormone
Chemical substance secreted by glands to control or regulate the body
Hypertrophy
Increase in the size of tissue or an organ
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen in the tissue
Infarction
Obstruction of blood supply to an organ or region
Ischemia
Reduced blood supply to an area
Membrane
Thin layer oft issue that covers the surface
Metabolism
The use of food for heat and energy by the cells
Muscular system
Involved in the movement of muscles
Muscles we are in control of
Voluntary
Muscles that move automatically
Involuntary and cardiac
Necrosis
Death of cells or tissues
Organ
Group of tissues which perform a function
Peristalsis
Involuntary muscle contraction which move food through the digestive system
Respiration
The process of providing oxygen to cells and removing carbon dioxide by breathing air in and out of the lungs
Signs
Visible indication of an illness
Symptom
Sensation, pain or lack of function that indicates illness
Body Systems
Organs that work together to perform special functions
Systemic
Involving or affecting the body as a whole
Tissue
Collection of cells which perform the same function
Vein
Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
4 basic structures of the body
Cells, tissues, membranes, organs
Cell membrane
A limiting border that encloses and protects the cell. It is selective permeable to allow certain things to move in and out
Cytoplasm
Fluid that keeps the cells shape and holds the cell structures in place
Nucleus
Control unit which directs the cells activities
Chromosomes
Hereditary substances stored in the nucleus of each cell
How many chromosomes in a cell?
- 23 from father and 23 from mother
Genes
Stored in the chromosomes which determines the traits children get from their parents
4 basics for cell survival
Energy, water, oxygen, and a safe environment
Cell energy
Comes from the food we eat and is processed into energy for our cells
Cell water
Obtained from the liquids we drink and the food we eat
Cell oxygen
The air we breathe contains oxygen for our cells
Cell environment
An environment that’s not too hot or cold where cells can carry out their function
5 types of cells
Blood, muscle, glandular, bone, and nerve
Muscle cells
Are attached to one another
Nerve cells
Cannot fully regenerate if damaged
Bone cells
Provide shape to our skeletal system
Blood cells
Not attached to one another
Glandular cells
Secrete hormones or enzymes
Glandular cells
Secrete hormones or enzymes
4 purposes of cells
To be irritable, for metabolism, to contract, for conductivity
Cell purpose - to be irritable
Nerve cells respond to stimuli
Cell purpose - for metabolism
Break down old cells, dispose of waste and build new ones in gastrointestinal system
Cell purpose - to contract
Cells in muscular system have ability to get shorter
Cell purpose - to contract
Cells in muscular system have ability to get shorter
Cell purpose - for conductivity
Transfer electrical impulses in the cardiovascular system
Bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and joints
Organs in skeletal and muscular system
Skeletal and muscular system function
Supports and allows movement of the body
Skin, hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, mucous membranes
Integumentary system organs
Integumentary system function
Covers and protects the body
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs
Nervous system organs
Nervous system function
Controls and coordinate body activities
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas
Endocrine system organs
Endocrine system function
Regulates body activities
