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Anatomy Unit 1 > Learning Objectives for Superficial/Deep Back > Flashcards

Learning Objectives for Superficial/Deep Back Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the specialized vertebrae

A

Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Vertebra Priminens (C7)

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2
Q

Axis (C2)

A

dens (odontoid process) projects superiorly from body and articulates with atlas
first moveable rotation of spinal column “axis” of rotation at atlanto-axial joint (inferior articulating process of C1)

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3
Q

Vetebra Prominens (C7)

A

“spina prominens”

long, non-bifid, and palpable through skin of neck

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4
Q

Distribution of vertebrae in spine

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
(think times of day that you eat 7, 12, 5)
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5
Q

Movements of spinal column

A

Flexion (toe touch)
Extension (bend backwards)
Lateral Bending
Rotation (head and/or neck, or torso)

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6
Q

Four Curvatures of the Spine

A

Cervical: secondary, concave posteriorly
Thoracic: primary, concave anteriorly
Lumbar: secondary, concave posteriorly
Sacral: primary, concave anteriorly

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7
Q

Laminectomy

A

Surgery to remove the lamina or bone spurs used to treat spinal stenosis

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8
Q

Atlas (C1)

A

no vertebral body
anterior and posterior arches
articulates with odontoid process of C2 (atlanto-axial joints)
articulate with occipital condyles (atlanto-occipital joints)

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9
Q

Hangman’s fracture

A

aka traumatic spondylolisthesis of axis
result of hyperextension and distraction (high velocity injury)
involves the pars interarticularis of C2 on both sides

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10
Q

Lumbar spinal stenosis and what are its implications

A

Intervertebral disks lose water content and shrink forming spurs, ligaments thicken

  • -> narrowing spinal canal
  • ->pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness of legs improving with sitting
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11
Q

What levels does intervertebral disc herniation typically occur?

A

most commonly in lumbar region

results in the compression of spinal nerves (clinical presentation)

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12
Q

Describe the anatomy of an intervertebral disc herniation in relation to the ligaments of the vertebral column.

A

Herniation occurs when the annulus fibrosus becomes damaged allowing the gelatinous nucleus pulpous to leak out into the vertebral foramen due to the smaller size of the posterior longitudinal ligament

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13
Q

Lumbar Spinal Puncture (what/why)

A

insertion of a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space in the lumbar area to collect the CSF that runs between the brain and spinal cord
detect: meningitis, encephalitis, certain cancers, subarachnoid bleeding, Reye syndrome etc

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14
Q

What layers are penetrated to accomplish lumbar puncture?

A 
Skin/superficial fascia
ligaments (supraspinous, interspinous, ligamentum flavum)
epidural space
dura mater
subdural space
arachnoid space
subarachnoid space (contains CSF)
PIA not pierced
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15
Q

Whiplash Injury

A

Stretching/tearing of anterior longitudinal ligament

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16
Q

What is spondylolysis and the “scotty dog” phenomenon?

A

A defect through the pars interarticularis, L5 vertebral segment. fibrous tissue fills the defect, which contains free nerve endings, and causes pain
Scotty Dog– oblique view of the spine shows the scotty dog view– the fracture of the pars shows up as a black collar on the dog’s neck

17
Q

Superficial extrinsic mm of the back? F(x)

A 
Trapezius
Latissimis Dorsi
Rhomboid Major
Rhomboid Minor
Levator Scapulae
Move the upper limbs (humerus and scapula)
18
Q

Intermediate Extrinsic mm of back? General f(x)

A

Serratus Posterior Superior
Serratus Posterior Inferior

extend/depress ribs

19
Q

Explain the difference between superficial and deep (true) back muscles

A

Extrinsic originate in back, but attach to another location/move another part of the body (in this case, upper limbs or ribs). Back is a major support structure and movement (rotation/extension/flexion) of spinal column

20
Q

Describe the pattern of cutaneous nerves on the back.

A

Sensory nerves: dorsal primary ramus of associated spinal nerve (above mid thorax pierce trapezius near mid-line, travel laterally to innervate skin) (below mid-thorax, cutaneous pierce muscles increasingly lateral positions as you move inferiorly)
Innervate skin from back of the head to upper buttocks, as far laterally as rib angles
Rest of skin of limbs suppled by ventral primary rami

21
Q

Triangle of Auscultation

A 
formed by:
superior horizontal border of latissimus dorsi
medial border of scapula
inferolateral border of trapezius
**posterior segments of lungs
22
Q

Lumbar Triangle

A 
aka Triangle of Petit
medially by latissimus dorsi
laterally by external abdominal oblique
interiorly by iliac crest
** abdominal hernia
23
Q

F(x) of intrinsic muscles

A

Act to maintain posture, control movement (flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion)

24
Q

How are intrinsic back muscles grouped?

A

Spinotransverse
Erector Spinae
Transverso-spinal

25
Q

Spinotransverse Muscles

A

Splenius Capitus

Splenius Cervicis

26
Q

Erector Spinae

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

27
Q

Transverso-spinal

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotators

28
Q

How are the intrinsic muscles innervated?

A

Dorsal posterior rami of spinal nerves

29
Q

Which of the intrinsic muscle groups is most superficial?

A

Spinotransverse

30
Q

Which of the intrinsic back muscle group is deepest?

A

Transversospinal

31
Q

Which of the suboccipital muscles forms the suboccipital triangle?

A

rectus capitus posterior major
obliquus capitus superior
obliquus capitus inferior

32
Q

What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?

A 
vertebral artery
suboccipital nerve (C1)
33
Q

What forms the floor of the suboccipital triangle?

A

posterior arch of C1

posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

34
Q

What innervates the muscles that form suboccipital triangle?

A

obliquus capitis inferior -suboccipital nerve
obliquees capitis superios - suboccipital nerve
rectus capitis posterior major - suboccipital nerve

35
Q

Which of the suboccipital muscles attach to the spinous process of C2

A

rectus capitis posterior major

obliquus capitis inferior

Anatomy Unit 1 (10 decks)

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