Learning Objectives Chapter 1

Question 1

Microorganism

Answer 1

Life forms too small to be seen by the human eye

Question 2

Importance of studying microbes

Answer 2

they are the closest relatives to the oldest forms of life and help us understand how we work/interact with the world

Question 3

Cellular entities in microbiology

Answer 3

Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, Archaea

Question 4

Acellular entities in microbiology

Answer 4

Viruses, Viroids, Satelites, Prions

Question 5

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Answer 5

prokaryotes: 70S ribosomes, no membrane enclosed organelles, always have a cell wall, replicate via binary fission

Eukaryotes: 80S ribosomes, membrane enclosed organelles, replicate via mitosis or sexual reprod

Question 6

Archaea characteristics

Answer 6

no known pathogens, share characteristics with bacteria and eukarya, cell wall composed of something other than peptidoglycan, single celled, prokaryotes

Question 7

Bacteria characteristics

Answer 7

cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, appear in variety of shapes and arrangements, single celled, prokaryotes

Question 8

Eukaryotes characteristics

Answer 8

7 superkingdoms, single celled or multicellular eukaryotes

Question 9

Fungi categories

Answer 9

zoosporic, yeasts, dimorphic, molds, mushrooms

Question 10

Fungi characteristics

Answer 10

often have a cell wall composed of chitin and glycan

Question 11

protist

Answer 11

single celled eukaryotic microbes that are not fungi

Question 12

protozoa

Answer 12

non-phylogenetic classification of “animal-like” protists

Question 13

algae

Answer 13

non-phylogenetic term for photosynthetic protists

Question 14

virus characteristics

Answer 14

parasites that only replicate within host cells

Question 15

viruses vs. cellular life

Answer 15

Viruses are not composed of cells but carry DNA or RNA. They cannot replicate without a host organism

Question 16

two hypotheses of endosymbiosis

Answer 16

-host endosymbiont was a primitive eukaryotic cell
-host endosymbiont was an archaeon and endosymbiosis triggered the evolution of eukaryotic innovations

Question 17

microbial nomenclature

Answer 17

Genus, species (in italics)

Question 18

contributions of Carl Woese

Answer 18

He sequenced RNA to and discovered the 3 domains of life

Question 19

Robert Hooke vs, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 19

Hooke: first observations of cells
Leeuwenhoek: first to describe bacteria and protists

Question 20

How was spontaneous generation disproven

Answer 20

Started seeing that when there is no oxygen there is no growth

Question 21

Pasteur

Answer 21

swan neck flask that show contamination and proposed the germ theory of disease

Question 22

Jenner

Answer 22

inoculated people with cowpox pus as an early form of vaccination

Question 23

Kochs postulates

Answer 23

1. the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms
2. the suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
3. the same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
4. the same microorganisms must be isolated gain from the diseased host

Question 24

Kochs postulates limits

Answer 24

Asymptomatic cases, viruses cannot be grown in a pure culture