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A&P - Cells, tissue, organs > Learning objectives - Ch 1 > Flashcards

Learning objectives - Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Function

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3
Q

Microscopic

A

Cannot be seen by the human eye

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4
Q

Macroscopic

A

Can be seen by the human eye

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5
Q

List the levels of Microscopic structural organizations

A
  1. Atoms, elements, molecule, compounds

2. Atoms, cells, tissue

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6
Q

List the levels of Macroscopic structural organizations

A

Organs, organ systems, organisms

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7
Q

Atoms

A
  • Smallest particles that retain special properties
  • Contains subatomic protons, neutrons, electrons
  • Are electrically neutral
  • Building blocks of elements
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8
Q

Elements

A
  • Units of matter

- 96% of body is made up of Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N)

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9
Q

Molecule

A
  • Two or more LIKE elements

- (h) atom + (h) atom = H2

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10
Q

Compound

A
  • Two or more DIFFERENT atoms combined chemically

- There are organic and inorganic compounds

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11
Q

Organic compounds

A
  • Contains Carbon (C)
  • Examples Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
  • C6 +H12+O6 =glucose
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12
Q

Inorganic compounds

A
  • Lack carbon
  • Simpilar
  • Examples water, salts, acids and bases
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13
Q

PH

A
  • Acids and Bases composition in the body creates our PH
  • When blood (7.4) becomes slightly acidic the amount of oxygen that binds to haemoglobin declines
  • ph 7=neutral, below 7=acidic, above 7= bases
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14
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • The bodies ability to maintain relative stable internal conditions despite external changing conditions
  • Required to sustain life and body function
  • Imbalance occurs when internal conditions are not stable
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15
Q

Positive feedback

A

Example Childbirth

Signal has reached CNS and signal back is to keep going

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16
Q

Negative feedback

A

Example Dehydration
Always back and forth message
Will send message to stop

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17
Q

Cells

A

Carry out chemical activities needed to sustain life
( transport, metabolize, digest, dispose, reproduce, grow)
-60% water
-Cells are surrounded by interstitial fluid
-No one cell is the same

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18
Q

What are the three main regions of the cell

A
  • Nucleus
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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19
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Control center
  • Contains DNA
  • 3 regions Nuclear envelope, Nucleolus, Chromatin
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20
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Forms barrier around the nucleus

selectively permeable

21
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosomes production

22
Q

Chromatin 3

A

Composed of dna and protein
Though out nucleus
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides

23
Q

Plasma membrane 5

A
  • Forms the cell surface
  • Separates cell from environment
  • Made up of 2 lipid by layer arranged tail to tail
  • Proteins sit between the layers
  • Transport of molecule in and out of cell
24
Q

Double phospholipid layer 3

A
  • Hydrophilic heads = water loving
  • Hydrophobic tails(lipids) = water hating
  • Contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins
25
Q

Microvilli

A
  • Part of plasma membrane

- fingerlike projections that increase surface area for absorption

26
Q

Membrane junction

A
  • Part of plasma membrane

- Prevent substances from passing through the cell like zipper

27
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Material inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus
  • Factory area
  • 3 parts Cytosol, Organelles, Inclusions
28
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid that suspends other elements

29
Q

Organelles 7

A 
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum ER
Golgi Apparatus 
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
30
Q

Mitochondria 5

A

Powerhouse

  • Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
  • ATP is released once food is broken down and used for cellular energy
  • changes shape constantly
31
Q

Ribosomes 3

A
  • Made of protein and RNA
  • Protein synthesis
  • Found free in cytoplasm or attached to ER
32
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth & Rough)

A 
Rough - studded with ribosomes 
- site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed 
Smooth - Lipid metabolism 
-detoxification of drugs 
-no protein synthesis
33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Modifies and packages proteins

- Produces 3 types of packages Secretory vesicles, Cell membrane components, and Lysosomes

34
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Demolition site

- Contains enzymes that digest non-usable materials

35
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Detoxify harmful substances

- Break down free radicals

36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-Provides the cell with and internal framework
-Supports other organelles
Examples Microfilaments and Microtubules

37
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells that from tissues

examples nervous, muscular, epithelium, connective

38
Q

Organs

A

Same type of tissues form together to make an organ to preform a certain function

39
Q

Organ systems 11

A

Skeletal - protects and supports
muscular- movement, posture, heat
reproductive -offspring
digestive - breaks down food, nutrients absorption, eliminates waste
nervous - control system, activates muscle and glads, internal external response
endocrine - hormones
integumentary - external body coverings
CV - transport materials in body ex. heart pump
respiratory - oxygen in blood, remove carbon dioxide
lymphatic - disposes debris, immunity
urinary- eliminates nitrogenous waste, maintains acids/bases, regulates water and electrolytes

40
Q

Active cellular transport

A

Substances that require energy to pass through plasma membrane

41
Q

Passive transport

A

Substances that pass through with out the use of energy

42
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Passive transport
  • high concentration to low concentration
  • higher the temp the faster the diffusion
  • require low energy
43
Q

3 Parts to Diffusion

A

Simple diffusion - unassisted process, small enough to pass through membrane pores
Osmosis - Simple diffusion of WATER, highly polar
Facilitated diffusion - require a protein carrier for passive

44
Q

Flitration

A

-Passive transport
-solutes are forced through by hydrostatic pressure
-pressure gradient in blood
pushed from high pressure to low

45
Q

Active transport solute pumping

A
  • Sodium to pump
  • ATP breaks down into ADP and P
  • Forces the P to attach to carrier and provides energy
  • Pump changes shape
  • Sodium pushes out
  • Potassium slips in
46
Q

Active Transport

A

Transport substances that are unable to pass through diffusion
Examples: Too large, move against concentration gradient

47
Q

Exocytosis - Bulk transport

A

Moves material out of cell via vesicle that fuses to the plasma membrane and lets materials out

48
Q

Endocytosis

A

Engulf into the cell by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle

A&P - Cells, tissue, organs (2 decks)

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