Learning objectives - Ch 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Structure
Physiology
Function
Microscopic
Cannot be seen by the human eye
Macroscopic
Can be seen by the human eye
List the levels of Microscopic structural organizations
- Atoms, elements, molecule, compounds
2. Atoms, cells, tissue
List the levels of Macroscopic structural organizations
Organs, organ systems, organisms
Atoms
- Smallest particles that retain special properties
- Contains subatomic protons, neutrons, electrons
- Are electrically neutral
- Building blocks of elements
Elements
- Units of matter
- 96% of body is made up of Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N)
Molecule
- Two or more LIKE elements
- (h) atom + (h) atom = H2
Compound
- Two or more DIFFERENT atoms combined chemically
- There are organic and inorganic compounds
Organic compounds
- Contains Carbon (C)
- Examples Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
- C6 +H12+O6 =glucose
Inorganic compounds
- Lack carbon
- Simpilar
- Examples water, salts, acids and bases
PH
- Acids and Bases composition in the body creates our PH
- When blood (7.4) becomes slightly acidic the amount of oxygen that binds to haemoglobin declines
- ph 7=neutral, below 7=acidic, above 7= bases
Homeostasis
- The bodies ability to maintain relative stable internal conditions despite external changing conditions
- Required to sustain life and body function
- Imbalance occurs when internal conditions are not stable
Positive feedback
Example Childbirth
Signal has reached CNS and signal back is to keep going
Negative feedback
Example Dehydration
Always back and forth message
Will send message to stop
Cells
Carry out chemical activities needed to sustain life
( transport, metabolize, digest, dispose, reproduce, grow)
-60% water
-Cells are surrounded by interstitial fluid
-No one cell is the same
What are the three main regions of the cell
- Nucleus
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
Nucleus
- Control center
- Contains DNA
- 3 regions Nuclear envelope, Nucleolus, Chromatin
Nuclear envelope
Forms barrier around the nucleus
selectively permeable
Nucleolus
Site of ribosomes production
Chromatin 3
Composed of dna and protein
Though out nucleus
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides
Plasma membrane 5
- Forms the cell surface
- Separates cell from environment
- Made up of 2 lipid by layer arranged tail to tail
- Proteins sit between the layers
- Transport of molecule in and out of cell
Double phospholipid layer 3
- Hydrophilic heads = water loving
- Hydrophobic tails(lipids) = water hating
- Contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins
Microvilli
- Part of plasma membrane
- fingerlike projections that increase surface area for absorption
Membrane junction
- Part of plasma membrane
- Prevent substances from passing through the cell like zipper
Cytoplasm
- Material inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus
- Factory area
- 3 parts Cytosol, Organelles, Inclusions
Cytosol
Fluid that suspends other elements
Organelles 7
Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum ER Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria 5
Powerhouse
- Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
- ATP is released once food is broken down and used for cellular energy
- changes shape constantly
Ribosomes 3
- Made of protein and RNA
- Protein synthesis
- Found free in cytoplasm or attached to ER
Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth & Rough)
Rough - studded with ribosomes - site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed Smooth - Lipid metabolism -detoxification of drugs -no protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies and packages proteins
- Produces 3 types of packages Secretory vesicles, Cell membrane components, and Lysosomes
Lysosomes
- Demolition site
- Contains enzymes that digest non-usable materials
Peroxisomes
- Detoxify harmful substances
- Break down free radicals
Cytoskeleton
-Provides the cell with and internal framework
-Supports other organelles
Examples Microfilaments and Microtubules
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that from tissues
examples nervous, muscular, epithelium, connective
Organs
Same type of tissues form together to make an organ to preform a certain function
Organ systems 11
Skeletal - protects and supports
muscular- movement, posture, heat
reproductive -offspring
digestive - breaks down food, nutrients absorption, eliminates waste
nervous - control system, activates muscle and glads, internal external response
endocrine - hormones
integumentary - external body coverings
CV - transport materials in body ex. heart pump
respiratory - oxygen in blood, remove carbon dioxide
lymphatic - disposes debris, immunity
urinary- eliminates nitrogenous waste, maintains acids/bases, regulates water and electrolytes
Active cellular transport
Substances that require energy to pass through plasma membrane
Passive transport
Substances that pass through with out the use of energy
Diffusion
- Passive transport
- high concentration to low concentration
- higher the temp the faster the diffusion
- require low energy
3 Parts to Diffusion
Simple diffusion - unassisted process, small enough to pass through membrane pores
Osmosis - Simple diffusion of WATER, highly polar
Facilitated diffusion - require a protein carrier for passive
Flitration
-Passive transport
-solutes are forced through by hydrostatic pressure
-pressure gradient in blood
pushed from high pressure to low
Active transport solute pumping
- Sodium to pump
- ATP breaks down into ADP and P
- Forces the P to attach to carrier and provides energy
- Pump changes shape
- Sodium pushes out
- Potassium slips in
Active Transport
Transport substances that are unable to pass through diffusion
Examples: Too large, move against concentration gradient
Exocytosis - Bulk transport
Moves material out of cell via vesicle that fuses to the plasma membrane and lets materials out
Endocytosis
Engulf into the cell by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle
