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Intro to Human Movement > Learning Objectives and Kahoot > Flashcards

Learning Objectives and Kahoot Flashcards

1
Q

At what level in the cervical spine does rotation mostly occur?

A

C1/C2

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2
Q

What are the atypical vertebrae of each region of the spine (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)? What makes them atypical?

A

Cervical:
C1 = Has a posterior tubercle instead of a spinous process.
C2 = Has the dens
C7 = Elongated and non-bifid spinous process

Thoracic:
T1 = Superior costal facets are ‘whole’ as C7 does not have an inferior costal demifacet.
T9 = Has no inferior demifacet so does not connect to 10th rib.
T11-12 = Single costal facets
T10 = Sometimes has same feature as T11-12

Lumbar:
L5 = Large vertebral body and TP

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3
Q

What are the common ligaments of the spine? What is the function of each one?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament:
- Limits spinal extension.

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament:
- Limits spinal flexion.

Ligamentum Flavum:
- Maintains posture and prevents vertebral separation.

Interspinous Ligament:
- Limits flexion by restricting spinous process separation.

Ligamentum Nuchae:
- Supports the head.

Intertransverse Ligament:
- Provides lateral stability, especially in the neck​

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4
Q

What are the various descriptions of rib movement at various levels?

A
  • Pump Handle (Ribs 1–5): Moves front-to-back.
  • Bucket Handle (Ribs 6–10): Moves side-to-side.
  • Caliper (Ribs 11 & 12): Moves in-and-out laterally.
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5
Q

What are the muscles of the erector spinae?

A
  • Illiocastalis
  • Longissimus
  • Spinalis
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6
Q

What are some of the differences in the pelvis between males and females?

A

Female differences:
- Wider and broader yet lighter
- Oval-shaped inlet versus heart shaped
- Less prominent ischial spines = greater
bispinous diameter
- Greater sub-pubic arch angle
- Shorter, more curved sacrum

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7
Q

What is the facet orientation throughout the spine?

A

Cervical:
- Facet joints are oriented in the coronal plane,
and face 45 degrees to the transverse plane.

Thoracic:
- Facet joints are oriented in the coronal plane,
and lie almost vertically in the sagittal plane.

Lumbar:
- Facet joints are oriented in the sagittal plane, and are at right angles to the transverse plane.

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8
Q

Name the joints and muscles involved in pronation of the forearm

A

Joints:
- Proximal Radioulnar Joint
- Distal Radioulnar Joint

Muscles:
- Pronator Teres
- Pronator Quadratus
- Flexor Carpi Radialis

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9
Q

Name the only joint that joins the upper limb to the axial skeleton

A

Sternoclavicular Joint

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10
Q

Explain scapulohumeral rhythm – the various joints, their ranges of motion and the interplay in creating shoulder abduction

A

Scapulohumeral rhythm in shoulder abduction:

  • Glenohumeral Joint: Provides 120° of movement.
  • Scapulothoracic Joint: Contributes 60° through scapular rotation.

These joints work in a 2:1 ratio, with the GH joint moving more initially, followed by both joints together to complete abduction​

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11
Q

List muscles involved with each range of motion of the Humeroulnar Joint

A

Flexion:
- Biceps brachii
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis

Extension:
- Triceps brachii

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12
Q

List muscles involved with each range of motion of the Glenohumeral Joint

A

Flexion:
- Pectoralis major
- Deltoid (anterior fibers)
- Coracobrachialis
- Biceps brachii (long head)

Extension:
- Latissimus dorsi
- Teres major
- Deltoid (posterior fibers)
- Triceps brachii (long head)

Abduction:
- Deltoid
- Supraspinatus

Adduction:
- Pectoralis major
- Latissimus dorsi
- Teres major
- Coracobrachialis

Internal Rotation:
- Subscapularis
- Teres major
- Latissimus dorsi
- Pectoralis major
- Deltoid (anterior fibers)

External Rotation:
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
- Deltoid (posterior fibers)

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13
Q

List muscles involved with each range of motion of the Radioulnar Joints (forearm)

A

Pronation:
- Pronator teres
- Pronator quadratus

Supination:
- Supinator
- Biceps brachii

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14
Q

List muscles involved with each range of motion of the Radiocarpal Joint - Wrist

A

Flexion:
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor digitorium superficialis
- Flexor digitorium profundus

Extension:
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis,
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Extensor digitorium

Radial Deviation (Abduction):
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
- Abductor pollicis longus

Ulnar Deviation (Adduction):
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Extensor carpi ulnaris

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15
Q

List muscles involved with each range of motion of the Iliofemoral Joint - Hip

A

Flexion:
- Psoas
- Illiacus
- Rectus femoris

Extension:
- Gluteus maximus
- Hamstrings (Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)
- Adductor magnus

Abduction:
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fasciae latae

Adduction:
- Adductor magnus
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Gracilis
- Pectineus

Internal Rotation:
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus

External Rotation:
- Gluteus maximus
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus
- Gemelli superior & inferior
- Quadratus femoris

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16
Q

List muscles involved with each range of motion of the tibiofemoral joint - Knee

A

Flexion:
- Hamstrings (Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)

Extension:
- Quadriceps (Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius)

Medial/lateral rotation:
- Popliteus
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus

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17
Q

What is the role of the meniscus of the knee?

A
  • Joint stability
  • Shock absorption
  • Weight distribution/load transmission
  • Proprioception (position awareness)
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18
Q

What is the role of the ACL, PCL and collateral ligaments of the knee?

A

ACL:
Limits:
- Anterior displacement of tibia under a fixed
femur
- Hyperextension
- Internal femoral rotation on a fixed tibia

PCL:
Limits:
- Posterior displacement of tibia under a fixed
femur
- Hyperflexion
- External femoral rotation on a fixed tibia

MCL:
Limits:
- Medial and Lateral translation of tibia under
fixed femur
- Valgus stress

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19
Q

What is the angle of inclination and it’s ranges for classification?

A

Angle taken between the long axis of the femoral neck and the long axis of the femoral shaft

Coxa Vara – angle less than 110-120 degrees
Coxa Valga – angle more than 130 - 135 degrees

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20
Q

What is the angle of torsion and it’s ranges for classification? What type of posture is created by increased and decreased torsion?

A

Angle between the long axis of the femoral neck and a line touching the posterior borders of the femoral condyles
- Varies between 10-15°

Femoral anteversion – pathological increase in angle of torsion
- “Pigeon-toed”

Femoral retroversion – pathological decrease in angle of torsion

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21
Q

Explain the normal carrying angle of the elbow

A

The carrying angle is the angle between the forearm and upper arm when the arm is extended and the palm faces forward.
- Normal 5-15 degrees

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22
Q

What factors may have an impact on posture?

A

Ligament integrity, vertebrae structure, muscle strength, and flexibility. Other contributing factors include age, injury, ergonomic conditions, and daily habits affecting muscular tension and spine alignment.

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23
Q

What are the most common causes of workplace injuries?

A
  • Repetitive motion = 63%
  • Placing, grasping or moving objects = 20%
  • Repetitive use of tools = 8%
  • Typing/key entry = 9%
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24
Q

What are the three pillars of ergonomics?

A

Physical, cognitive, and organizational

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25
Q

What are the most common types of workplace injuries?

A
  • Soft tissue = 28.6%
  • Trauma to muscle and tendon = 20.6%
  • Trauma to joints and ligaments = 14.1%
  • Trauma to muscle = 6.9%
  • Dislocation = 2.6%
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26
Q

What lifting techniques can be used with manual handling?

A
  • Carry close to your body
  • Use thigh muscles
  • Pushing is better then pulling
  • Use mechanical aids
  • take frequent breaks
  • Warm up and cool down
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27
Q

What is the average loss of height after 40 years of age? What are some of the causes?

A
  • 1cm every 10 years

Pathological causes:
- Spondyloarthropathies
- Osteoporosis

Structural causes:
- Disc pathologies
- Kyphosis

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28
Q

What are the risk factors for decreased skeletal composition in aging adults?

A
  • Inactive lifestyle
  • Hormonal changes
  • Loss of calcium and other minerals in bone
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29
Q

What are the different classifications of physical function according to Spirduso?

A
  • Physically dependent (debilitated)
  • Physically frail (Activities of daily living [ADL]
    affected)
  • Physically independent (Free from disease,
    however, don’t exercise regularly)
  • Physically fit (Physically active)
  • Physically elite (Masters athletes)
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30
Q

What is the daily amount of moderate exercise recommended in the elderly?

A

30 minutes of moderate intensity

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31
Q

What is the rate of loss of VO2 max in active elderly adults versus inactive elderly adults?

A

VO2 max decreases at a rate of approximately 3% per decade, whereas in inactive elderly adults, it declines at a rate of 6% per decade.

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32
Q

What type of hip fracture has worse outcomes in elderly adults?

A

Femoral neck fracture

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33
Q

Reasons for decreases in exercise capacity during ageing

A
  • 40% of muscle size lost between 20 – 80 yrs
  • Strength related to mass and/or cross-
    sectional area
  • Decreased number of fast twitch fibres
  • Slow twitch fibres preserved due to their
    activity during ADL such as postural control
    and walking
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34
Q

Describe the various grades of a ligament sprain injury

A

Grade 1 (Mild):
- Microtear to ligament
- Mild tenderness and swelling around ankle

Grade 2 (Moderate):
- Partial tearing of ligament (some but not all
of fibers torn)
- Moderate tenderness and swelling
- Moderate instability

Grade 3 (Severe)
- Complete tear/rupture
- Significant tenderness
- Significant instability

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35
Q

Describe the various grades of a muscle strain injury (use the histology)

A

Grade 1:
- Tear with a maximum diameter less than a muscle fascicle

Grade 2:
- Tear with a diameter greater than a fascicle

Grade 3:
- Tear involving the subtotal/complete muscle diameter/tendinous injury involving the enthesis (where tendon or ligament inserts into bone)

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36
Q

List and describe fracture types

A

Transverse fractures - breaks that are in a straight line across the bone.

Spiral fractures - a kind of fracture that spirals around the bone. Usually in the femur, tibia, or fibula in the legs.

Greenstick Fracture - bone bends and breaks but does not separate into two separate pieces

Stress fractures - This type of fracture looks like a crack. Caused by repetitive stress

Compression fracture - occurs when a bone is crushed. The broken bone will be wider and flatter in appearance than it was before the injury.

Oblique fracture - when the break is diagonal across the bone

Impacted fracture - occurs when the broken ends of the bone are driven together

Segmental fracture – the same bone is fractured in two places, leaving a “floating” segment of bone between the two breaks

Comminuted fracture - The bone is broken into 3 or more pieces

Avulsion fracture - occurs when a fragment is pulled off the bone by a tendon or ligament

Pathological Fracture - fracture secondary to pre-existing pathology/underlying disease

37
Q

Compare and contrast the differences between strains and sprains

A

Sprain: An injury to the ligaments that connect bones together

Strain: An injury to muscles or tendons, which connect muscles to bones

38
Q

Describe the elements of PRICE

A

Protect
- Prevent further injury
Rest
- Prevent further injury
Ice
- Anti-inflammatory + analgesic
Compression
- Anti-inflammatory
Elevation
- Anti-inflammatory

Generally used for first 3-7 days

39
Q

Describe the elements of ‘PEACE’ management

A

Protection
- Avoid activities and movements that increase pain during the first few days
Elevation
- Elevate the injured limb higher than the heart
Avoid Anti-inflammatories
- Reduce tissue healing
Compression
- Reduce swelling
Education
- Your body knows best

40
Q

Describe the elements of ‘LOVE’ management

A

Load
- Let pain guide your gradual return to normal activities.
Optimism
- Condition your brain for optimal recovery by being confident and positive.
Vascularisation
- Choose pain-free cardiovascular activities to increase BF to repairing tissue
Exercise
- Restore mobility, strength and proprioception by adopting an active approach to recovery.

41
Q

List some of the basic nutritional supplements that may be useful in injury
management

A

Common supplements include calcium, vitamin D, protein, and omega-3 fatty acids, which aid bone health, muscle repair, and reduce inflammation.

42
Q

List various causes that delay tissue healing

A
  • Tobacco use
  • Older age
  • Anemia
  • Diabetes
  • Low vitamin D
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Poor nutrition
  • Infection
  • Open or complex fractures
  • Certain medications (e.g., long-term steroids), - Poor blood supply to affected areas.
43
Q

What are the three phases of healing? What are their time frames for occurring?

A

Acute phase 1-7 days
Subacute phase Day 3-3weeks
Remodeling phase 1-6 weeks

44
Q

List 4 various types of rehab and briefly describe what they are targeted towards

A

Orthopedic/Musculoskeletal:
- Targets recovery from trauma or surgery, enhancing strength, flexibility, and proprioception.

Neurological:
- Focuses on regaining function after neurological conditions, such as stroke or spinal injuries.

Cardiac:
- Aims to restore function following cardiovascular incidents like myocardial infarction.

Pulmonary:
- Assists in managing conditions like COPD, focusing on improving respiratory function.

45
Q

List 4 goals of MSK rehab?

A
  • Restore range of motion
  • Prevent re-injury
  • Increase strength and endurance
  • Pain management
46
Q

List 4 factors that may limit MSK rehab?

A
  • Severity of injury
  • Chronic conditions
  • Patient compliance
  • Access to resources
47
Q

Techniques of MSK

A
  • Therapeutic exercises (range of motion, strengthening, proprioceptive, functional),
  • Manual therapy (joint mobilization, soft tissue mobilization)
  • Modalities (heat, cold therapy, ultrasound),
  • Patient education on injury management and prevention.
48
Q

List and briefly describe 2 factors that influence adaptation

A

Type of Stress:
- Specific stressors (e.g., weightlifting for muscle strength or running for cardiovascular fitness) lead to targeted adaptations.

Intensity and Duration:
- The level and duration of the stressor impact the degree of adaptation (e.g., a marathon has more profound cardiovascular effects than a short walk).

49
Q

Provide 2 specific examples of adaptation

A

Increased red blood cell count at high altitude (to carry more oxygen in thinner air).
- This allows people to live and work in
mountainous regions.

Muscle hypertrophy (growth) with strength training (to generate more force).
- This enables athletes to lift heavier weights
and perform better.

50
Q

What is the importance of stress in adaptation?

A

Stress is essential as it prompts the body to adapt to new demands, leading to improved resilience and performance. Controlled exposure to stress helps the body develop strength, endurance, and efficiency in response to environmental and physical challenges.

51
Q

Lateral flexion occurs in which plane?

A

Coronal

52
Q

Actin filaments can be described as?

A

Thin

53
Q

Ribs 8-10 are referred to as?

A

False ribs

54
Q

Rib movement at ribs 1-5 can be described as?

A

Pump handle

55
Q

Rib movement at ribs 1-5 can be described as?

A

Pump handle

56
Q

What makes C1 an atypical vertebra

A

Prescence of a Posterior tubercle

57
Q

Which of the following does not flex the humeroulnar joint:
- Biceps Brachii
- Brachialis
- Coracobrachialis
- Brachioradialis

A

Coracobrachialis

58
Q

What movement occurs at the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Pronation/supination

59
Q

The annular ligament acts as a ‘collar’ around which bone?

A

Radius

60
Q

Which of the following carpal bones does the radius articulate with?
- Scaphoid
- Hamate
- Trapezoid
- Capitate

A

Scaphoid

61
Q

Which of the following contriubtes to wrist flexion:
- Pronator Teres
- Supinator
- Coracobrachialis
- Palmaris Longus

A

Palmaris Longus

62
Q

What is the typical range of movement for ulnar deviation?

A

20-45 degrees

63
Q

What is the most stable joint in the body?

A

Iliofemoral joint

64
Q

Which direction causes tension in the iliofemoral ligament?

A

Extension

65
Q

What is the primary action of Psoas?

A

Hip Flexion

66
Q

Which is not a muscle of the quadriceps?
- Vastus Lateralis
- Vastus Intermedius
- Rectus Femoris
- Biceps Femoris

A

Biceps Femoris

67
Q

Which of the following contributes primarily to extension of the iliofemoral joint?
- Gluteus Maximus
- Gluteus Medius
- Gluteus Minimus
- Psoas

A

Gluteus Maximus

68
Q

Which of the following does not contribute to hip abduction?
- TFL
- Quadratus femoris
- Gluteus minimus
- Gluteus medius

A

Quadratus Femoris

69
Q

Which of the following contributes to iliofemoral adduction:
- Adductor Magnus
- Adductor Longus
- Adductor Brevis
- All of the above

A

All of the above

70
Q

Coxa Vara is an angle of inclination less than?

A

110 degrees

71
Q

A pathological decrease in the angle of torsion is termed?

A

Femoral Retroversion

72
Q

Which is arguably the most stressed joint in the body?

A

Tibiofemoral Joint

73
Q

Which is not a role of the meniscus?
- Shock absorption
- Weight distrubution
- Prevent posterior tibial translation

A

prevent posterior tibial translation

74
Q

What is the role of the Posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Limit posterior displacement of the tibia

75
Q

Which is the role of the lateral collateral ligament?
- Limit varus stress
- Limit valgus stress
- Limit hyperextension
- Limit exam study stress

A

Limit varus stress

76
Q

Which is the following is not a bone of the hindfoot?
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular
- Cuboid

A

Cuboid

77
Q

Which is the following is a part of the stance phase of gait?
- Toe-off
- Mid-swing
- Terminal stance
- Terminal swing

A

Terminal stance

78
Q

What is the average loss of height every 10 years after turning 40?

A

1cm

79
Q

What risk factors contribute to loss of bone density?
- Inactive Lifestyle
- Hormonal changes
- Loss of bone clacium
- all of the above

A

All of the above

80
Q

How much exercise is recommended per day for those over 65 years of age?

A

30 minutes of moderate-intensity

81
Q

What is the rate of decline, per decade, of aerobic fitness in sedentary
older adults?

A

6%

82
Q

Which of the following hip fractures has a worse outcome?
- Intertrochanteric
- Subtrochanteric
- Intracapsular
- Capital

A

Intracapsular

83
Q

A partial tear greater than the diameter of a fascile is what grade of strain?

A

Grade 2

84
Q

A fracture that breaks but does not separate is called?

A

Greenstick

85
Q

The repair phase of injuries occurs at what time?

A

Days 4-24

86
Q

What occurs during the remodeling phase of injury?
- Granular tissue becomes scar tissue
- Scar tissue becomes avascular
- Scar tissue retracts
- All of the above

A

All of the above

87
Q

What does the L stand for in the LOVE model of injury management?

A

Load

88
Q
A

Intro to Human Movement (2 decks)

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