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Intro to Human Movement > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Workplace Related Injuries

A

Soft tissue 28.6%
Trauma to muscle and tendon 20.6%
Trauma to joints and ligaments 14.1%
Trauma to muscle 6.9%
Dislocations 2.6%

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2
Q

Causes of Workplace Related Injuries

A

Repetitive Motion - 63%
Placing, grasping or moving objects - 20%
Repetitive use of tools - 8%
Typing/key entry - 9%

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3
Q

Manual Handling - Lifting Techniques

A
  1. Keep load close to the body and use thigh muscle.
  2. Never attempt loads if you think they’re too heavy.
  3. Pushing is stress then pulling
  4. Use mechanical aids or help with heavy loads
  5. Organise work area to minimise bending, twisting and stretching
  6. Take frequent breaks
  7. Cool down after heavy work with gentle, sustained stretches
  8. Improve your fitness
  9. Warm up cold muscles with gentle stretching
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4
Q

Cervical Spine

A
  • 7 vertebrae
  • C1, C2 & C7 atypical
  • Coupled and double-jointed movements
  • Bifid spinous process
  • Superior & inferior articular facet:
    *Covered in articular cartilage to allow
    smooth movement
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5
Q

Atypical Cervical Vertebra

A

C1:
- Posterior tubercle instead of spinous process.

C2:
- Has dens

C7:
- Elongated and non-bifid spinous process

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6
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A
  • Fibrous tissue thar runs on the ventral aspect of vertebral bodies along the entirety of the spinal column
  • Restricts Extension
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7
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

A
  • Fibrous tissue that runs on the posterior aspect of vertebral bodies along the entirety of the spinal column
  • Restricts Flexion
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8
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A
  • Connects between lamina of vertebrae (from C2-S1)
  • Helps preserve upright posture
  • Resists excessive separation between lamina, and prevents buckling of the ligament into the spinal canal which would cause compression.
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9
Q

Interspinous Ligament

A
  • Connect adjacent spinous processes (SP’s)
  • Limit flexion by restricting separation of the SP’s
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10
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae

A
  • Originates at the external occipital protuberance and extends to C7 SP
  • Helps sustain the weight of the head
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11
Q

Intertransverse ligament

A

In the Cx spine these types of fibres can be sparse and intertwined with the posterior intertransversariicolli muscles (providing stability in Cx lateral flexion)

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12
Q

Cervical Spine ROM

A
  • C0/C1 = Upper cervical flexion/extension
  • C1/C2 = Rotation
  • C3/C7 = Lateral Flexion
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13
Q

Thoracic Spine

A
  • 12 vertebrae
  • T1, T9 & T10-12 atypical
  • Fibrocartilaginous discs
  • Coupled & double-jointed movements
  • Heart shaped body
  • Smaller vertebral foramen than Cx
  • Elongated spinous processes
  • Transvers costal facets
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14
Q

Atypical Thoracic Vertebra

A

T1:
- Superior costal facets are ‘whole’ as C7 does not have an inferior costal demifacet

T9:
- Has no inferior demifacet so does not connect to the 10th rib

T11 & 12:
- Single costal facets (T11=11th rib, T12=12th rib)
:
T10
- Sometimes has the same feature as T11 &12
- Important to appreciate anatomical variances

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15
Q

Thoracic Cage

A
  • 12 ribs
  • 1-7 true ribs
    *Direct articulation with sternum
  • 8-10 false ribs
    *Costal cartilage attaches indirectly to the
    sternum (via the 7th rib costal cartilage)
  • 11 & 12 floating ribs
    *No costal cartilage
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16
Q

Typical Rib Features

A

Head:
- Where articular facets are located

Neck:
- Extends from the rib head to the tubercle

Tubercle:
- Articulates with transverse process to create
the costotransverse joint

Body:
- Containing costal groove that houses intercostal vein/artery/nerve

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17
Q

Lumbar Spine

A
  • 5 vertebrae
  • Typical L1-4
  • Atypical vertebra L5
  • Short spinous process
  • Large/thick/stout/kidney bean shaped
    • Weight bearing
  • Spinous Process
    • blunt, quadrilateral (paddle shaped)
  • Triangular-shaped vertebral foramen
    • Smaller than Cx, larger than thx
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18
Q

Facet Joint Orientation **NEED TO FILL

A

Cervical:
- Coronal

Lumbar:
- Saggital

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19
Q

Flexors of the Trunk

A
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Psoas major and minor
  • Iliacus
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20
Q

Extensors of the Trunk

A
  • Erector Spinae
    • Spinalis
    • Longissimus
    • Iliocastalis
  • Quadratus Lumborum
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21
Q

Rotators of the Trunk

A
  • External Oblique
  • Internal Oblique
  • Transversus Abdominis
  • Erector Spinae (ILS)
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22
Q

Lateral Flexors of the Trunk

A
  • Erector Spinae
  • Quadratus Lumborum
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23
Q

Pelvis

A
  • Ilium (innominate)
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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24
Q

Gender Dimorphism in the Pelvis

A

Female differences:
- Wider and broader yet lighter
- Oval-shaped inlet versus heart shaped
- Less prominent ischial spines = greater
bispinous diameter
- Greater sub-pubic arch angle
- Shorter, more curved sacrum

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25
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • Synovial, ball and socket joint
  • Due to the loose joint capsule, and the relative size of the humeral head compared to the shallow glenoid fossa (4:1 ratio in surface area), it is one of the most mobile joints in the human body.
  • Most commonly dislocated joint
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26
Q

Scapulothoracic Articulation & Scapulo-humeral rhythm

A

2:1 ratio Glenohumeral Joint (GHJ) :Scapulothoracic Joint (ST)
- ST contributes 60° rotation
- GHJ contributes 120° abduction
- Combines for a total of abduction 180°
- First 30 degrees of abduction largely occurs at GHJ.
- 30° on, GHJ & ST joint move simultaneously

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27
Q

Muscle Contributing to Flexion of Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Coracobrachialis
  • Deltoid
  • Long head of biceps brachii
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28
Q

Muscle Contributing to Extension of Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Long head of Triceps brachii
  • Deltoid
  • Teres Major
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29
Q

Muscle Contributing to Abduction of Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • Supraspinatus (initiates first 15*)
  • Deltoid (up to 90*)
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30
Q

Muscle Contributing to Adduction of Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Coracobrachialis
  • Teres Major
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31
Q

Muscle Contributing to Internal Rotation of Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • Subscapularis
  • Teres Major
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Deltoid
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32
Q

Muscle Contributing to External Rotation of Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres Minor
  • Deltoid
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33
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

A
  • Only true joint connecting upper limb to trunk
  • Clavicle, manubrium, 1st costal cartilage
  • Joint incongruence
  • Structure = saddle
  • Function = ball and socket

Movements:
- Elevation/Depression (40°)
- Protraction/Retraction (34°)
- Axial rotation (20-40°)

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34
Q

Humeroulnar joint

A
  • Articulation between humerus and ulnar
  • Synovial hinge joint
  • Uniaxial
  • Flexion/extension
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35
Q

Muscles Contributing to Flexion of Humeroulnar Joint

A
  • Biceps Brachii
  • Brachialis
  • Brachioradialis
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36
Q

Muscles Contributing to Extension of Humeroulnar Joint

A
  • Triceps Brachii
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37
Q

Proximal Radioulnar joint

A
  • Synovial pivot joint = Uniaxial
  • Head of radius and radial notch of ulnar
  • Annular ligament = “collar” around head of radius

Movements:
- Pronation/supination

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38
Q

Muscles Contributing to Pronation of Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A
  • Pronator Teres
  • Pronator Quadratus
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39
Q

Muscles Contributing to Supination of Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A
  • Supinator
  • Biceps Brachii
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40
Q

Distal Radioulnar Joint

A
  • Distal radius and ulna
  • A synovial pivot joint
  • Uniaxial joint
  • Pronation/supination
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41
Q

Muscles Contributing to Pronation of Distal Radioulnar Joint

A
  • Pronator Teres
  • Pronator Quadratus
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42
Q

Muscles Contributing to Supination of Distal Radioulnar Joint

A
  • Supinator
  • Biceps Brachii
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43
Q

Wrist Complex

A

Consists of:
- Radioulnar Joint
- Midcarpal Joint

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44
Q

Radiocarpal Joint

A

Distal radius articulates with:
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum

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45
Q

Muscles Contributing to Flexion of Radiocarpal Joint

A

Flexion = 65-90°
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Flexor digitorum profundus

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46
Q

Muscles Contributing to Extension of Radiocarpal Joint

A

Extension = 60-85°
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus & Brevis
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
- Extensor Digitorum

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47
Q

Muscles Contributing to Radial Deviation of Radiocarpal Joint

A

Radial Deviation = 15-20°
- Extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Abductor pollicis longus

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48
Q

Muscles Contributing to Ulnar Deviation of Radiocarpal Joint

A

Ulnar Deviation = 20-45°
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Flexor carpi ulnaris

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49
Q

Hip – Iliofemoral Joint

A

Head of femur – acetabulum of ilium
- Synovial ball and socket; multiaxial
- Connects pelvic girdle to lower limb
- Designed for weight bearing
- Sacrifices mobility for stability
- Entire body weight transmitted through joint
when standing
- Most stable joint in the body

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50
Q

How is stability achieved for Iliofemoral Joint

A
  • Depth of acetabulum
  • Femoral head coverage
  • Strong ligamentous structure/joint capsule
    (iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
    ligaments)
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51
Q

Iliofemoral ligament

A
  • Taut in extreme extension, external rotation and adduction
  • Strongest ligament in the body
52
Q

Pubofemoral ligament

A

Taut in extreme abduction and extension

53
Q

Ischiofemoral ligament

A

Taut in internal rotation and adduction

54
Q

Muscles Contributing to Flexion of Iliofemoral Joint

A

Flexion = 120-145°
- Psoas
- Iliacus
-Rectus Femoris

55
Q

Muscles Contributing to Extension of Iliofemoral Joint

A

Extension = 10-30°
- Gluteus maximus
- Hamstrings
* Semimembranosus
* Semitendinosus
* Biceps Femoris
- Adductor Magnus

56
Q

Muscles Contributing to Abduction of Iliofemoral Joint

A

Abduction = 45°
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)

57
Q

Muscles Contributing to Adduction of Iliofemoral Joint

A

Adduction = 45-50°
- Adductor magnus
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis

58
Q

Muscles Contributing to Internal Rotation of Iliofemoral Joint

A

Internal Rotation = 35°
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus

59
Q

Muscles Contributing to External Rotation of Iliofemoral Joint

A

External rotation = 45°
- Piriformis
- Gluteus maximus
- Obturator internus
- Gemelli superior & inferior
- Quadratus femoris

60
Q

Angle of Inclination

A

Angle taken between the long axis of the femoral neck and the long axis of the femoral shaft:
- Greater in infancy and childhood, decreases gradually to norma adults.
- Greater in women to accommodate wider pelvis.
- Coxa Vara angle < 110 -120 - Abduction and Int. rotation are restricted.
- Coxa Valga angle > 130-135

61
Q

Angle of Torsion

A
  • Angle between the long axis of the femoral neck and a line touching the posterior borders of the femoral condyles
  • Varies between 10-15°
  • Femoral anteversion = pathological increase
    in angle of torsion
    • “Pigeon-toed”
  • Femoral retroversion = pathological decrease in angle of torsion
62
Q

Knee – Tibiofemoral Joint

A
  • Femur, tibia and patella
  • Synovial, hinge joint
  • Tibiofemoral joint & patellofemoral joint
  • Arguably the most stressed joint in the body
63
Q

Tibiofemoral Joint Movements

A
  • Flexion (160°)
  • Extension (0°)
    • Because point of reference is from knee in
      full extension (anatomical position)
  • Medial/lateral rotation
64
Q

Muscles Contribution to Flexion of Tibiofemoral Joint

A

Hamstrings:
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
- Biceps femoris

65
Q

Muscles Contribution to Extension of Tibiofemoral Joint

A

Quadriceps Femoris:
- Rectus Femoris
- Vastus Medialis
- Vastus Intermedialis
- Vastus Lateralis

66
Q

Muscles Contribution to Medial/Lateral rotation of Tibiofemoral Joint

A
  • Popliteus
  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus
67
Q

Knee – Patellofemoral Joint

A

Patella – femur
- Saddle joint
- Sesamoid bone
- Provides a larger lever for the quadriceps
muscles – increases its mechanical
advantage

68
Q

Knee – Meniscus

A
  • Fibrocartilaginous crescent/moon shaped
    cups overlying the surface of the tibial
    plateau
  • Joint stability
  • Shock absorption
  • Weight distribution/load transmission
  • Proprioception
    • Position awareness
69
Q

Medial Meniscus

A
  • Firmly adhered to the medial collateral ligament and tibial plateau
  • Anterior horn attaches to the anterior intercondylar area and may blend with the anterior cruciate ligament
70
Q

Lateral Meniscus

A
  • Not firmly adhered to the collateral ligament or tibial plateau
71
Q

Meniscus Locking Mechanism

A
  • Medial femoral condyle rotates medially during final stages of knee extension (due to its larger size)
  • Allows for stabilisation during weight bearing without active help from muscular tissue
72
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A

Limits:
- Anterior displacement of tibia under a fixed femur
- Hyperextension
- Internal femoral rotation on a fixed tibia

73
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL

A

Limits:
- Posterior displacement of tibia under a fixed femur
- Hyperflexion
- External femoral rotation on a fixed tibia

74
Q

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)

A

Limits:
- Medial and Lateral translation of tibia under fixed femur
- Valgus stress

75
Q

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

A

Limits:
- Medial and Lateral translation of tibia under fixed femur
- Varus stress

76
Q

Gait Cycle **NEED TO FILL

A
77
Q

Changes in height during the aging process

A
  • Changes in bone, mucles and joints.
  • On average a loss of 1cm 10 years after age 40, accelerating after 70 years.

Pathological Causes:
- Spondyloarthropathies (arthritic pathologies of the spine)
- Osteoporosis

Structural Causes:
- Disc Pathologies (Herniation, dehydration)
- Kyphosis

78
Q

Skeletal Composition in Aging

A
  • Balance between bone remodelling and resorption changes with age resulting in loss of bone tissue and weakening of bone.
  • Trabecular bone density decreases

Risk Factors Include:
- Inactive lifestyle
- Hormonal changes
- Loss of calcium and either mineral in bone

79
Q

Spirduso Classification of Physical Function

A
  • Physically dependent (debilitated)
  • Physically frail (Activities of daily living [ADL]
    affected)
  • Physically independent (Free from disease,
    however, don’t exercise regularly)
  • Physically fit (Physically active)
  • Physically elite (Masters athletes)
80
Q

Reasons for decreases in exercise capacity during ageing

A
  • Both aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity decrease with age
  • Exercise can decrease rate of decline
  • Aerobic fitness potential (measured by VO2) decreases after 20 years of age, by approx. 0.5%-1% per year

After 75 years of age, rate of decline accelerates due to;
- Loss of muscle mass
- Decrease in maximum heart rate & cardiac
output
- Decline in oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle

81
Q

Decline in oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle

A
  • The ability of skeletal muscle to extract oxygen during exercise decreases with age
  • Caused by a decrease in number of capillaries in skeletal muscle.
  • Therefore, less delivery of oxygen to muscle + decreased capacity to produce ATP = less oxidative capacity
82
Q

Strength decreases by 2%-4% per year in older, sedentary people. Due to?

A
  • 40% of muscle size lost between 20 – 80 yrs
  • Strength related to mass and/or cross-
    sectional area
  • Decreased number of fast twitch fibres
  • Slow twitch fibres preserved due to their
    activity during ADL such as postural control
    and walking
83
Q

Exercise in the Elderly Patient

A
  • 65 +
  • 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity preferably all days.
84
Q

Prescribing Exercises in the Elderly

A
  • Exercise prescription needs to be personalised to the unique medical history
  • Aerobic exercises have numerous cardiovascular and musculoskeletal benefits - Resistance exercise training is the only therapy known to consistently improve muscle mass, strength, power, and quality, as well as overall physical function in older adults.

As a result, when prescribing exercise the following considerations are important:

  • Low-intensity exercise (40%-50% VO2max)
  • Gradual progression
  • Low intensity interval training to avoid early fatigue.
85
Q

Flexibility in the Elderly

A
  • Reduced joint flexibility makes dailt activities such as dressing challenging.
  • Stretching and flexibility exercises improve this.
86
Q

Balance & Proprioception in the Elderly

A
  • Balance and proprioception exercises should be performed regularly to prevent falls.
  • 2 hours per week and should be supervised at first.
  • wide stance/two feet/eyes open/even surface = easier
  • narrow stance/one foot/eyes closed/uneven surface = harder
87
Q

Blood Supply to the Femur

A
  • Head of the femur is supplied by the branches from medial and lateral circumflex femoral artery.
88
Q

Subtrochanteric and intertrochanteric fractures have a better prognosis than intrascapular fractures because?

A
  • The retinacular arteries (i.e. vascular supply) are not disturbed
89
Q

Deaths following Hip Fracture

A

Excess mortality after hip fracture may be linked to complications following the fracture, such as:
- Pulmonary embolism
- Infections
- Heart failure

90
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • Land- and aquatic-based physical activities help patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis to reduce pain and increase mobility, muscle strength, joint flexibility, and aerobic endurance.
  • The buoyancy of the water decreases joint loading, which can help decrease pain, and warm water may have a therapeutic effect.
  • Once patients become more mobile, they can transition to land-based exercises.
  • Land-based exercise improves pain and functional aerobic capacity more than aquatic activities
91
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • Resistance exercises are effective for improving bone mineral density (BMD)
92
Q

Cognitive Impairment and Exercise

A
  • Exercise appears to improve cognition and lower the risk of dementia.
93
Q

Sprain

A
  • Injury/trauma to ligament caused by tearing of the fibers, ranging from partial to complete.
  • Micro-tear (grade 1) - complete rupture (grade 3)
94
Q

Sprain Grading

A

Grade 1 (Mild):
- Microtear to ligament
- Mild tenderness and swelling around ankle

Grade 2 (Moderate):
- Partial tearing of ligament (some but not all of fibers torn)
- Moderate tenderness and swelling
- Moderate instability

Grade 3 (Severe):
- Complete tear/rupture
- Significant tenderness
- Significant instability

95
Q

Strain

A
  • Trauma to muscle and/or its tendon
  • Graded 1-3
96
Q

Fractures - Grading

A

Open Fracture:
- A fracture in which the bone breaks through the skin and can be seen outside the leg. Or there is a deep wound that exposes the bone through the skin. This is also called a compound fracture.

Closed Fracture:
A fracture that does not break the skin. This is also called a simple fracture.

Partial Fracture:
- An incomplete break of the bone

Complete Fracture:
- A complete break of the bone causing it to be separated into two or more pieces

Stable Fracture:
- The broken ends of the bone line up and have not moved out of place.

Displaced Fracture:
- There is a gap between the broken ends of the bone. Repairing a displaced fracture may require surgery.

97
Q

Types of fracture

A

Transverse fractures:
- Breaks that are in a straight line across the bone.

Spiral fractures:
- A kind of fracture that spirals around the bone. Usually in the femur, tibia, or fibula in the legs.

Greenstick Fracture:
- Bone bends and breaks but does not separate into two separate pieces

Stress fractures:
- This type of fracture looks like a crack. Caused by repetitive stress

Compression fracture:
- Occurs when a bone is crushed. The broken bone will be wider and flatter in appearance than it was before the injury.

Oblique fracture:
- When the break is diagonal across the bone

Impacted fracture:
- Occurs when the broken ends of the bone are driven together

Segmental fracture:
- The same bone is fractured in two places, leaving a “floating” segment of bone between the two breaks

Comminuted fracture:
- The bone is broken into 3 or more pieces

Avulsion fracture:
- Occurs when a fragment is pulled off the bone by a tendon or ligament

Pathological Fracture:
- Fracture secondary to pre-existing pathology/underlying disease

98
Q

Describe the histological features of the 3 grades of muscle strain

A

Grade 1:
- Tear with a maximum diameter less than a muscle fascicle

Grade 2:
- Tear with a diameter greater than a fascicle

Grade 3:
- Tear involving the subtotal/complete muscle diameter/tendinous injury involving the enthesis (where tendon or ligament inserts into bone)

99
Q

Phases of healing of musculoskeletal injuries

A
  • Inflammatory phase: days 0-6
  • Repair phase: days 4-24 (overlaps with
    inflammatory phase)
  • Remodeling phase: day 21 - 12 months
100
Q

Inflammatory Phase

A
  • Day 0-6
  • Stops leakage: Hemostasis/blood clotting
  • Removal of damaged cells (WBC)
  • Removal of foreign bodies
101
Q

Repair Phase

A
  • Days 4-24
  • Granular Tissue (scaring)
  • Lay down scaffolding of new tissue
  • Mediated By Fibroblasts
102
Q

Remodeling Phase

A
  • Day 21 - 12 months
  • Granular tissue becomes scar tissue
  • Scar tissue becomes avascular
  • Scar tissue retracts returning tissue to original form
103
Q

Phases of management of musculoskeletal injury

A
  • Acute phase 1-7 days
    -Subacute phase Day 3-3weeks
  • Remodeling phase 1-6 weeks
  • Most ‘typical’ soft tissue injuries can expect resolution within 6 weeks
  • This may be increased/decreased by complexity and severity of injury
104
Q

Acute Phase

A
  • 1-7 days

PRICE:
- Protect
* Prevent further injury
- Rest
* Prevent further injury
- Ice
* Anti-inflammatory + analgesic
- Compression
* Anti-inflammatory
- Elevation
* Anti-inflammatory

105
Q

Subacute Phase

A
  • Day 3-21

LOVE:
- Load
*Let pain guide your gradual return to
normal activities, your body will tell you
when its safe to increase load
- Optimism
* Condition your brain for optimal recovery
by being confident and positive
- Vascularisation
* Choose pain-free cardiovascular activities
to increase blood flow to repairing tissues
- Exercise
* Restore mobility, strength and
proprioception by adopting an active
approach to recovery

106
Q

Healing delays

A
  • Use of tobacco or nicotine
  • Older age
  • Severe anaemia
  • Diabetes
  • Low vitamin D
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Poor nutrition
  • Infection
  • Complicated fracture that is open or
    compound
  • Medications
107
Q

Simple soft tissue injuries, and most fractures have what (approximate) common expected healing time?

A

6 weeks

108
Q

Goals of MSK rehab

A

Pain management:
- Reduce pain and inflammation through modalities, manual therapy, and therapeutic exercises.

Restore range of motion:
- Improve joint mobility and flexibility through stretching, mobilization, and manipulation.

Increase strength and endurance:
- Enhance muscle function and capacity through progressive resistance exercises and functional training.

Improve proprioception and balance:
- Enhance neuromuscular control and stability through specific exercises and activities.

Restore functional capacity:
- Enable patients to perform daily activities and return to work or sport safely and effectively.

Prevent re-injury:
- Educate patients on proper body mechanics, injury prevention strategies, and long-term self-management.

109
Q

Techniques of MSK rehab

A

Therapeutic Exercise:
Range of motion exercises: Passive, active-assisted, and active exercises to improve joint mobility.
Strengthening exercises: Isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic exercises to improve muscle strength and endurance.
Proprioceptive exercises: Balance and coordination exercises to enhance neuromuscular control.
Functional exercises: Task-specific exercises to simulate real-life activities and improve functional capacity.

Manual Therapy:
- Soft tissue mobilization: Massage, myofascial
release, and trigger point therapy to address
muscle tension and pain.
- Joint mobilisation and manipulation:
Techniques to restore joint mechanics and
improve range of motion.

Modalities:
- Heat and cold therapy: To reduce pain and
inflammation.
- Electrical stimulation: To manage pain,
reduce muscle spasms, and promote
healing.
- Ultrasound: To promote tissue healing and reduce inflammation.

Patient Education:
- Provide information about the injury, healing
process, and rehabilitation plan.
- Teach proper body mechanics and injury
prevention strategies.
- Empower patients to actively participate in
their recovery and long-term self-
management.

110
Q

Applications of MSK rehab

A
  • Sports injuries
  • Post-surgical Rehabilitation
  • Work-related injuries
  • Chronic Conditions
  • Geriatric Rehabilitation
111
Q

Limitation of MSK Rehab

A
  • Severity of injury
  • Chronic conditions (ongoing management and may not be fully resolved)
  • Patient compliance
  • Access to resources
  • Psychosocial factors
112
Q

Rehabilitation Benefits

A
  • Reduce the impact of health conditions
  • Important part of a larger management plan
  • Minimize effects of chronic illness
  • Can ease financial burden on healthcare system
113
Q

Types of Rehabilitation

A
  • Orthopaedic/Musculoskeletal
  • Neurological
  • Cardiac
  • Pulmonary
  • Geriatric
  • Burns
  • Addiction
114
Q

Acute Rehab

A
  • Address symptomatology
  • Protect against further tissue damage
  • Facilitate healing
  • Pain management
  • Prevent muscle atrophy
115
Q

Subacute/recovery rehabilitation

A
  • Obtain normal ROM (passive and active)
  • Improve muscular control
  • Restore muscle balance
  • Restore proprioception
116
Q

Functional/maintenance rehabilitation

A
  • Increase strength and endurance
  • Incorporate function movements – entire
    kinetic chain

Prior to returning to full activity, patient should achieve:
- Full pain free ROM
- Normal strength
- Correction of muscle imbalance

117
Q

Neurological rehabilitation

A

Personalised program to restore function following:
- Spinal cord injury
- Stroke
- MS
- Parkinson’s disease and
- Other acquired or congenital neurological
disorders.

118
Q

Cardiac rehabilitation

A

Personalised program to restore function following:
- Cardiovascular disease
- Myocardial infarction
- Congenital heart conditions
- Pulmonary rehabilitation = COPD and other
respiratory diseases

119
Q

Geriatric Rehabilitation

A

Personalised program to assist/retard the effects of:
- Effects of ageing
- Fall prevention
- Independent living

120
Q

Renal rehabilitation

A

Personalised program to restore function following
- Chronic kidney disease
- Pre-dialysis

121
Q

Burns Rehabilitation

A

Personalised program to restore function following:
- Chemical and thermal burns

122
Q

Addiction Rehabilitation

A

Personalised program to assist in the recovery from addiction(s) such as:
- Drugs
- Alcohol other substances of addiction,
- Gambling,
- Risk taking behaviours.

123
Q

What is adaptation?

A
  • The ability of an organism to adjust to
    changes in its environment.
  • This can involve short-term adjustments (like
    sweating when it’s hot) or long-term changes
    (like developing greater lung capacity at high
    altitude).
  • Essential for survival and optimal
    performance in any environment, from the
    cellular level to the whole organism
  • Athletic Performance
  • Rehabilitation
  • Disease Prevention
  • Environmental Adaptation
  • Occupational Adaptation
  • Aging
124
Q

Factors in the role of adaptation

A
  • Type of stress
  • Intensity and duration
  • Individual factors
  • Previous training
  • Environmental factors
125
Q

Adaption Strategies

A

Sleep:
- Essential for tissue repair, hormone
regulation and cognitive function.

Active Recovery:
- Low-intensity exercise to promote blood flow, reduce muscle soreness and enhance recovery.

Stress Management:
- Techniques to reduce stress hormone (cortisol) and promote relaxation, such as meditation, deep breathing and yoga.

Nutrition:
- Proper nutrition is essential for providing the body with the nutrients it needs to repair and rebuild.

Hydrotherapy:
- Steam saunas and cold-water immersion can help to promote recovery and adaptation

Intro to Human Movement (3 decks)

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