Learning & Motivational Theories Flashcards
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A theory proposing that humans have a hierarchy of needs ranging from basic physiological needs to self-actualization needs.
Who developed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Abraham Maslow in the 1940s-50s.
What is the primary application of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Used in business for understanding employee motivation, in marketing to understand customer needs, and in education to understand student motivation.
What are Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory components?
Hygiene factors and motivators.
Who developed Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?
Frederick Herzberg in the 1950s.
What does Expectancy Theory state?
An individual’s motivation to complete a task is influenced by their expectation of the outcome and the value they place on that outcome.
Who developed Expectancy Theory?
Victor Vroom in the 1960s.
What are the applications of Expectancy Theory in business?
Used to design performance-based incentive plans.
What is Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?
A theory proposing that individuals are driven to grow and achieve personal fulfillment when their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are met.
Who developed Self-Determination Theory?
Edward Deci and Richard Ryan in the 1970s-80s.
What are the three fundamental psychological needs in SDT?
- Autonomy
- Competence
- Relatedness
What does Incentive Theory focus on?
The power of external rewards or incentives to shape behavior.
Who introduced Incentive Theory?
B.F. Skinner.
What is Drive Theory?
A theory suggesting that a homeostatic disturbance creates a physiological need, which leads to a psychological drive to satisfy that need.
Who developed Drive Theory?
Clark Hull and later expanded by Kenneth Spence.
What are the key components of Expectancy Theory?
- Expectancy
- Instrumentality
- Valence
What does Cognitive Dissonance Theory propose?
We have an inherent desire to ensure consistency between our beliefs, values, and actions.
Who developed Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
Leon Festinger.
What is the Achievement Motivation Theory also known as?
Three Needs Theory or acquired-needs theory.
Who developed Achievement Motivation Theory?
David McClelland.
What are the three needs in Achievement Motivation Theory?
- Achievement
- Affiliation
- Power
What does Goal-Setting Theory suggest?
Clear and challenging goals lead to higher levels of motivation and performance.
Who developed Goal-Setting Theory?
Edwin Locke in the 1960s.
What is Equity Theory concerned with?
Individuals are motivated by fairness in the ratio of their inputs to outcomes compared to others.
Who developed Equity Theory?
John Stacey Adams in the 1960s.
What is Self-Efficacy Theory about?
An individual’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations influences their motivation and behavior.
Who developed Self-Efficacy Theory?
Albert Bandura in the late 1970s.
True or False: Cognitive Dissonance Theory only applies to personal beliefs.
False
Fill in the blank: According to a study, up to _____ of human behavior can be understood through motivational theories.
70%
