Learning, Memory and Cognition Flashcards
In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the unconditioned stimulus (US) was:
the presentation of food in the dog’s mouth
Spontaneous recovery refers to the:
return of a response after punishment has been terminated
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates:
generalization
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:
discrimination
Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears:
may be produced through classical conditioning
For the most rapid conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS) should be presented:
about one-half second before the US.
Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called
effortful processing
In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
operant conditioning
An animal trainer is teaching an Australian shepherd to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the dog a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of:
successive approximations
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.
conditioned
Mirror neurons are important to the process of learning because they:
enable imitation
In a well-known experiment by Albert Bandura (1961), preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten. This experiment served to illustrate:
observational learning
Which of the following is NOT an effective effortful strategy for encoding information?
massed practice
The three steps in memory information processing are:
encoding, storage, retrieval.
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is to momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli as _________ memory is to __________ memory.
iconic; echoic
Echoic memory deals with auditory information, holding that information for 1 to 2 seconds. Iconic memory deals with visual information, holding that information for 1 second.
