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Neuroendocrine Part III > Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Define working memory.

A

recalling a fact for use

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2
Q

Define declarative (explicit) memory.

A

conscious recognition or recollection of learned facts and experiences

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3
Q

What is episodic declarative memory?

A

memory of events

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4
Q

What is semantic declarative memory?

A

memory of words, language, and rules

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5
Q

What part of the brain is highly involved in declarative memory?

A

cortex

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6
Q

Define procedural (implicit) memory.

A
  • “reflexive” memory

- skills/habits that have been used so much that they’re automatic

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7
Q

What part of the brain stores motor components of procedural memory?

A

cerebellum

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8
Q

What part of the brain stores non-motor components of procedural memory?

A

nucleus accumbens

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9
Q

What is post-tetanic potentiation?

A

an increase in cell activity increases the amt of calcium in the pre-synaptic terminal, and thus releases more neurotransmitter

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10
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A
  • involves changes in both the pre- and post-synaptic responses to neurotransmitter release
  • the same neurotransmitter release will create a larger response, using NMDA receptors
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11
Q

Define synaptic plasticity.

A
  • permanent changes in synapse structure

- creation of new synapses via protein synthesis

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12
Q

What protein is responsible for increasing the gene transcription of other proteins used in the creation of new synapses?

A

cAMP response element binding protein

CREB

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13
Q

Define memory encoding.

A
  • focusing attention on new info
  • linking new info to previous memories

-emotion is an important component of this

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14
Q

Define storage.

A

-retention of information over time

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15
Q

What process facilitates the storage of information?

A

long-term potentiation

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16
Q

What areas of the brain are mainly responsible for storage?

A
  • hippocampus
  • parahippocampal cortex
  • prefrontal cortex
17
Q

Define consolidation.

A
  • process of making a memory permanent
  • physical changes in synaptic structure
  • getting info into long-term memory
18
Q

By what process are memories “consolidated”?

A

-memories are repeatedly sent through Papez Circuit

19
Q

What are the locations and progression of Papez Circuit?

A
  • hypothalamus and mammillary bodies
  • anterior thalamus
  • cingulate cortex
  • hippocampus
20
Q

How are long-term memories stored before they’re recalled for use?

A
  • long-term memories are stored in the cortical area related to the modality of the individual components
    (ex: visual info in the visual cortex)
21
Q

Define retrieval.

A
  • recalling or using the memory
  • bringing a memory into working memory

-memories can be modified/lost at this point

22
Q

What is the process and locations of reassembling a memory?

A
  • cortex (modality specific info)
  • parahippocampal region
  • hippocampus (reconstructs memory)
  • parahippocampus (prolongs memory)
  • cortex
23
Q

What is the central executive part of working memory?

A

-prefrontal cortex decides what memory we need

24
Q

What is the phonological loop of working memory and what functional brain areas are involved?

A
  • words related to the memory

- Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas

25
Q

What is the visuospatial loop of working memory and what brain structure is involved?

A
  • visions and images related to the memory

- occipital cortex

26
Q

Define spatial memory.

A

-detailed memory of space

27
Q

In what part of the brain is spatial memory stored?

A

hippocampus

28
Q

What are Place Cells?

A
  • pyramidal cells
  • serve as an “anchor” to reconstruct memory
  • activated by specific places
  • react more strongly when reward is involved
29
Q

What are Grid Cells?

A
  • create a “grid map” or a space

- grid can be triangular or hexagonal

30
Q

What are Head Direction Cells?

A

-cells that tell which way your head is pointing

31
Q

What are Border Cells?

A

-cells that get excited when you’re close to a wall

Neuroendocrine Part III (7 decks)

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