Learning material 2

Question 1

who are the old World Hunters and when did they come here.

Answer 1

Canada’s original inhabitants came about 25,000 to 30,000 years ago and are believed to have migrated from Siberia to Alaska via Beringia—a land bridge created during the glacial period when sea level was lower than today. The early immigrants are known as Old World Hunters. They were nomadic people following the mammoth, bison, and caribou herds.

Question 2

who are the paelo indians

when did they originate, who did they originate from

Answer 2

alaeo-Indians, descendants of Old World Hunters, lived about 11,500 to 7500 BP. Following ice-free corridors they migrated into more southern portions of the continent. Clustered in small, culturally diverse groups, they adapted to the changing climatic and ecological conditions that occurred as the ice sheets melted and the natural landscape changed.

Question 3

how many people came over the land bridge

Answer 3

Although estimates vary, it is thought that perhaps 10 million people may have migrated across the land bridge and gradually spread across the continent. Perhaps 250,000 to 500,000 would live in what eventually became Canada.

Question 4

who are the plano people, when did they originate, who did they originate from. by what time were they live in distict regional groups

Answer 4

Plano People, who lived about 10,000 to 8,000 BP, were descendants of the Palaeo-Indians, and they became widely spread across the continent. By 6000 BP they were living in distinct regional groups and by 3000 BP in distinct regions.

Question 5

Palaeo-Eskimos (or Denbigh), when did they originate

Answer 5

a second group of migrants, moved into the more northern environments around 5000 BP. By this time the land bridge had disappeared and movement depended upon the marine technology of these people. Soon the Dorset culture developed (descendants of the Denbigh) with a more advanced technology and ability to live in the Arctic environment.

Question 6

who are the dorsets

-who did they originate from

Answer 6

Soon the Dorset culture developed (descendants of the Denbigh) with a more advanced technology and ability to live in the Arctic environment.

Question 7

The Thule culture,
when did thye enter the area
what culture did they absorb

Answer 7

another wave of marine hunters, entered the area about 1,000 BP and spread across the northern portion of the continent, likely absorbing the Dorset culture over time. It was about this time that the Norse reached Greenland and made their first contact and settlement efforts along the northern coast of Newfoundland. The Inuit culture developed from the Thule.

Question 8

Who believed to be the first known Europeans to stand on North American soil and are thought to have landed where

Answer 8

Leif Erikson, son of Greenland colonizer Erik the Red, sailed west to investigate in 1001. He and his crew are believed to be the first known Europeans to stand on North American soil and are thought to have landed either on Baffin Island or the northern portion of Labrador. They sailed southward to the southern coast of Labrador, which they called the “wooded land.”

Question 9

who had colonized Iceland in 874 and Greenland in 985 A.D

Answer 9

The Norse, in search of more farmland, had colonized Iceland in 874 and Greenland in 985 A.D.

Question 10

how was america initially discovered

Answer 10

The Norse, in search of more farmland, had colonized Iceland in 874 and Greenland in 985 A.D. Their initial discovery of North America was in about 986. A trader had been blown off course on his way from Iceland to Greenland and likely saw the coast of Labrador, but did not land. He described what he saw with the words, “This land is unwinsome and ungainsome,” or in other words the land was neither pretty nor profitable. However, his reports described large forests that he could see from his boat. This was of interest to Greenlanders because they needed fuel. It was also the first recognition by a European that there were resources on the continent that might be of value.

Question 11

what is vineland

Answer 11

AFTER LANDING IN EITHER BAFFIN ISLAND OR THE SHORES OF LABRADOR Leif and his crewsailed further south, landed and wintered at what they termed Vinland (vine land, fruitful land, grassland). However, it is not known exactly where this was. They then returned to Greenland with timber and food (berries).

This location may have been at L’Anse aux Meadows, on the northern tip of Newfoundland, now a National Historic Park

Question 12

when was the first recorded meeting between aboriginal and enropean

Answer 12

in 1005 was the first recorded contact between Europeans and Indigenous North Americans. This, however, ended in violence with the Norse killing a band of Indigenous people.

Question 13

how many settlers came in 1011. who was their captain

Greenlanders did continue to come and collect timber into the __ century.

Answer 13

One hundred and sixty settlers from Iceland came in about 1011, led by Thorfinn Karlsefni. The colonists did trade with the North Americans, but again, violence forced the Norse out. This location may have been at L’Anse aux Meadows, on the northern tip of Newfoundland, now a National Historic Park, which may also have been the location of Vinland.

norse colonization efforts ceased, although the Greenlanders did continue to come and collect timber into the 14th century. The Greenland colonies were then abandoned

Question 14

when did the norse share there info with the rest of europeans

Answer 14

Indigenous discovery of Canada is unrecorded and although the Norse discovery was recorded, it was lost and unknown to most other Europeans until the 16th century. Therefore, the Europeans of the late 15th century had little or no knowledge of what they were sailing toward. They weren’t searching for a new world, but a shorter path to an old world, the Far East.

Question 15

WHO IS GIOVANNI CABOTO (John Cabot)
where did he sail from

when did he sail
where did he land

what were his 2 important discoveries

Answer 15

Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot), an Italian navigator who sailed from England in 1497, landed in Canada somewhere along the coast of Labrador, Newfoundland, or Cape Breton Island. This was the first recorded European landing in Canada since the Norse, although he thought he was in China. Cabot made two important discoveries: the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Grand Banks was significant because of its cod production. The Gulf of St. Lawrence was believed to be a route to the interior of China. What would follow was the development of the cod fishery in Canada – the first staple product to be harvested in large quantities, and soon after, the fur trade. Exploration would begin inland by the French and northward by the British, in their efforts to reach the riches of the Far East.

Question 16

what was the first staple product to be harvested in large quataties

Answer 16

The Grand Banks was significant because of its cod production. The Gulf of St. Lawrence was believed to be a route to the interior of China. What would follow was the development of the cod fishery in Canada – the first staple product to be harvested in large quantities, and soon after, the fur trade.

Question 17

what was the significance of the north west passage

Answer 17

The Northwest Passage was the means to get around the continent of North America and for Western Europe to access the Far East. The search for that passage had a tremendous influence on northern Canada. It led to contact between Inuit and First Nations, and it influenced many expeditions searching for the passage and gaining valuable knowledge of the region’s geography and resources (Table 2-1).

The Northwest Passage remains of interest, particularly as climate change is causing rapid melting of sea ice and making the passage more accessible. This particular concern will be examined in detail in later modules.

The search for a Northwest Passage would keep explorers busy for a few centuries and was the first step in learning more of the geography of Northern Canada.

Question 18

what were significatn above the treeline and below

Answer 18

The geographical dichotomy in the North between the bush and the barrens is paralleled in the early history of the North. South of the treeline the fur trade provides the main historical theme; north of the treeline it is the search for the Northwest Passage (Armstrong et al, 1978).

Question 19

what was the first staple product of the continental interior to be exported,

Answer 19

fur

controlled by hudsons bay company

Question 20

when did the hudsons bay company dominate

Answer 20

From its establishment in 1670 until the late 1800s, the company dominated the fur trade in northern Canada. This domination was possible because the federal government was essentially ignoring the North and concentrating its efforts on the development of Western Canada and an East-West transportation link—part of the National Policy of the Conservative Government that was implemented in 1879.

Question 21

The fur trade thrived on the natural conditions of the North including both

Answer 21

he natural waterways and the Indigenous population.

The Indigenous people served as a labour source already adapted to the environment and were very capable of living off the land. The non-Indigenous traders could take advantage of the Indigenous presence and knowledge, and it helped to reduce capital investment in the regions by outsiders

Question 22

why did neither the fur trade industry nor the government had to accept the burden of social responsibility.

Answer 22

Those social-oriented capital investments made to benefit the labour force were usually done by religious or charitable groups whose agents themselves lived their lives and developed around the trading posts.

Question 23

why did the fur trade remained free from public, or government, regulation and control until the 1900s.

Answer 23

The fur trade industry, due to its requirements and adaptations to the environment, essentially remained free from public, or government, regulation and control until the 1900s. The Indigenous population became dependent upon trapping as a source of income in a relatively short period of time.

Question 24

what was the significance of finding placer gold was discovered in northern British Columbia and the Yukon

Answer 24

The inward migration of outsiders was being influenced by factors other than just the fur trade. During the latter half of the 1800s, placer gold was discovered in northern British Columbia and the Yukon. The Klondike Gold Rush soon followed with the discovery of gold at Bonanza Creek in 1898. By 1900, Dawson City was the largest city in Canada west of Winnipeg.

Question 25

what helped with the discovery of other ressource

Answer 25

ther parts of the North were not as rapidly overwhelmed by the invasion of southerners. Immigration was helped, however, by the development of various railways, particularly in the eastern Subarctic. In 1893, during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, nickel and copper ore were discovered at Sudbury. This was one of the first realizations that the Canadian Shield could provide more than simply furs. This belief was strengthened when, in 1903, silver was discovered at Cobalt during the construction of the Northern Ontario Railway.

Question 26

what were the other industries found

Answer 26

The lumber industry also began challenging the fur trade during the early 1900s. As the pulp and paper industry grew, the demand for spruce increased. Forestry operations soon spread throughout the Subarctic, moving north and west from southern Ontario.

The fur trade was of little importance to early development or exploration in the region north of the treeline. Instead, the major influence on the Indigenous people and the region was the search for the Northwest Passage.1 This search resulted in the exploration and mapping of the Arctic coastline and islands. Frobisher, the Royal Navy, Franklin, and the many searchers for the lost Franklin expedition all increased the knowledge of this harsh region. John Rae2 would eventually discover the passage, although it was not successfully navigated until Amundsen’s voyage in 1903-06.

Whaling

Whaling also had a significant impact upon the Arctic. Although attempted on a variety of occasions, it was not undertaken seriously until 1860. The decreased demand for whale products effectively brought an end to the whaling industry by 1915. During this time period, however, the industry, like the fur trade in the Subarctic, influenced the Indigenous population. The activity brought outsiders and their trade goods, and the Inuit were soon dependent upon them. If not for a surge in the fur trade, which expanded into the Arctic, the decline of the whaling industry would have been critical to the Inuit. The fur trade was influenced by the high fur prices following World War I and, by the end of World War II, was established throughout both the Arctic and Subarctic regions of Canada.

Question 27

northern development in this century did what

Answer 27

the 20th century, a relatively short time frame, but one that brought significant changes to the North. As you will learn, northern development in this century redistributed people on the landscape; brought increased government involvement in development activities: social welfare and resource control; turned world attention to the region’s resources—particularly the non-renewable ones—and affected the cultures and way of life of those living there.

Question 28

what was most affected in the 20th century

Answer 28

The Arctic was perhaps most affected. The Subarctic had already seen many changes during the latter half of the 19th century, although both regions would be modified in the years to come.

Both regions would experience this assault. However, some of the changes already experienced in the Subarctic because of the fur trade would not reach the Arctic until the 20th century.

Question 29

what were some of the cahnges brought on during the 20th centurey

Answer 29

These changes included the reorientation of life, commercialization of resources, and incorporating the Inuit and First Nations of the Territorial North into a capitalist economy.

Question 30

when did the norths mineral ressource get peoples attention

Answer 30

1708, had copper material when they arrives at the french controlled fort on the hayes river - rumored it was from the dogrib.

Question 31

What is the The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC)

Answer 31

the world’s most remarkable scientific outfits: Chartered in 1841 to map the 3.9 million square mile country’s vast mineral deposits from coal to gold, the GSC sent a steady trickle of geologists to unknown forests, prairies, mountains, and islands.

The work of the GSC continued in the 20th century aided by a significant technological advancement—the airplane (Figure 2-2).

With no more trees in the way, they could prospect from 500 feet, scanning for quartz veins zigging through bedrock or the bright metalliferous stains caused by gossans, out here ranging in size from desktop to shopping mall. Orangey-red iron oxide blooms might signal gold or base metals; yellow or pink, silver or uranium; blue-green to turquoise, copper. After noting nice spots from the air and drawing crude maps, they would have the pilot land two or three men with a canoe. The men hiked and paddled from one spot to the next, and a few weeks later got picked up at a prearranged spot. The problem was, once the plane buzzed away you were back in the stone age. Weather, water, and grizzlies presented the usual dangers. Radios were useless because of distance.

Question 32

The Conservative Government’s National Policy (1879)

Answer 32

had focused attention on Western Canada and connecting the developing nation with a transcontinental railroad.

The Klondike Gold Rush certainly drew attention north, and the government responded with the North West Mounted Police presence – they would later be scattered in posts throughout the territories

Question 33

when were northern provincial boundaries were settled at ?? degrees latitude.

Answer 33

By 1912 the northern provincial boundaries were settled at 60 degrees latitude

Question 34

the gov did but in some efforts of scientific expedition but it was not until what that encouraged action

Answer 34

It was the discovery of oil at Norman Wells (NWT) in 1920 that encouraged action.

Question 35

The Northwest Territories and Yukon Branch of the Department of the Interior was created to

when was the first northern teaty established, with who

Answer 35

to administer the North from Fort Smith. Shortly thereafter, the first northern treaty (1921) was negotiated with the Dene of the Mackenzie River Valley.

Question 36

in 1939 the Supreme Court of Canada directed the government to become more involved in Inuit health and education. This was a response to the

Answer 36

significant changes experienced by the Inuit—new diseases, changing lifestyles, depletion of the bowhead whale population, and competition with southern trappers to name a few.

Question 37

One of the most pervasive and enduring tragedies of Inuit life in modern times has been the ravages wrought by

Answer 37

by tuberculosis. The so-called White Killer rampaged across the north almost unimpeded until after World War II when Ottawa finally took effective cognizance of it.

Doctors accompanying government ships then began searching out its victims. The most severely afflicted were shipped south to sanitaria.

Many of those in whom the disease was too far advanced to be curable died in the south, often without contact with their distant families, and sometimes without even the solace of the presence of any other Inuit. In consequence, natives throughout the north greatly feared evacuation to a southern hospital, considering it tantamount to a death sentence. (Mowat, 2002, p. 121)

Question 38

By the end of World War II the government had

Answer 38

The government began spending money on infrastructure such as health and education facilities. However, because of the great costs involved, Inuit were encouraged to live in government-planned communities. This was a significant change – from a nomadic to a sedentary, urban lifestyle. By the end of the 1960s most people in the North were living in urban settings.

These changes would affect population numbers. Improved health care lowered death rates, but a more sedentary, urban lifestyle helped increase birth rates. The result – some of the highest growth rates in Canada were being experienced in northern communities by the end of the 20th century

Question 39

Transfer payments (welfare, unemployment insurance, and family allowance) became important. These payments, combined with the “dual economy” characteristic of the 20th century northern economy, created a complex, potentially unstable economic situation for many families. They often now relied on a combination of wages. what are these combination wages

Answer 39

(the commercial economy, when jobs were available), a subsistence economy (the traditional economy provided by the land – hunting, trapping, and fishing), and the transfer payments provided by the government.

Question 40

why does iqualuit exsist

Answer 40

Apart from occasional overwintering whalers, Frobisher Bay had remained a generally uncontested domain of the Inuit until 1942, when white men established their first permanent settlement there. These latecomers were not seeking fur, gold, or whales. They were looking for a place to build an airfield to service military aircraft being ferried to Europe via Baffin Island, Greenland, and Iceland.

They found a suitable site near the foot of the bay, and construction began. The work involved hundreds of aircraft, scores of ships, and thousands of white men. The result was a sprawling melange of military structures, a huge landing field, and a “town” named Frobisher Bay, which was usually called Frobisher or simple Frobe. Renamed Iqaluit, it is now the capital of the new territory of Nunavut.

Question 41

what happened to Frobisher after the war

Answer 41

After the war Frobisher continued to grow – first as a base from which nuclear bombers of the US Strategic Air Force could threaten Russia with atomic annihilation, then as the eastern Arctic centre for the DEW Line radar system. For a time it also served as a refuelling base for commercial piston-engined planes flying Great Circle routes between Europe and North America.

During construction of the base hundreds of Inuit from Baffin Island and other parts of the eastern Arctic were inveigled into coming to Frobisher, which became something of a boom town. In the mid-fifties, the apostles of the Northern Vision concluded it should become Canada’s first true city of the North.

Architects were duly commissioned and plans drawn up for a mini-metropolis complete with high-rise apartments and business complexes, all to be sheltered under an enormous plastic dome.

This bubble soon burst. Following the diabolical perfection of the intercontinental guided missile, Frobisher’s huge USAF base became obsolete. Most military forces were withdrawn while at the same time the ascendance of jet-powered commercial aircraft which did not require refuelling between continents rendered the great airport complex on south Baffin Island virtually redundant.

No portion of Frobisher’s population was more vulnerable to the loss of its economic raison d’être that the Inuit who had been suborned into exchanging a semi-nomadic, hunter-gatherer way of life for an approximation of our industrial urban culture. Now what were they to do? Emigration to southern Canada was no option since they had neither the language nor the requisite skills to compete there with a burgeoning flow of immigrants from Europe and Asia. They became displaced people in their own land. (Mowat, 2002, pp. 86-87).

Question 42

The DEW Line

Answer 42

The DEW Line: This is the Distant Early Warning Radar Line established across northern Canada during the Cold War period – roughly along the 70th parallel. It brought to the Arctic southerners, modern technology, temporary local employment during construction, and a focus around which some Inuit would congregate. The sites also brought in massive volumes of diesel fuel, eventually resulting in contaminated sites across the North and costing the federal government millions of dollars to clean up in the late 1990s

Question 43

The “Northern Vision.”

Answer 43

Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, and others, promoted the northern vision and the resources and development opportunities of this remote area (Figure 2-4). The “Roads to Resources” policy helped establish roads into some of the remote regions of the Subarctic and even the Arctic (e.g., Dempster Highway to Inuvik, NWT).

Question 44

Megaprojects

Answer 44

The post-war period also saw the creation of megaprojects. Megaprojects are large scale (multi-billion dollar) developments related to the extraction and transportation of resources to southern markets. Only governments or, more commonly, large multi-national companies have the money for such ventures. The post-war interest in the North brought in billions of dollars of development money – initially from United States companies but later from Japanese and European interests as well.

Question 45

who was the first to experience megaprojects

Answer 45

The Subarctic or Provincial North region was the first to experience megaprojects – often they were related to large hydroelectric developments (e.g., Quebec, Manitoba, and Labrador) or oil and gas (e.g., early tar sands developments). Later projects would include the Territorial North, especially within the Mackenzie Valley, Beaufort Sea, and High Arctic areas (oil and gas exploration). Mineral developments included lead-zinc mines (Faro, Yukon; Pine Point, NWT; Baffin Island and Cornwallis Island, Nunavut).

Two significant examples of oil and gas related developments are the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline proposal and the Norman Wells Project. Your readings will explore these examples in further detail.

Question 46

what was the norths “engine of growth.”

Answer 46

These developments were the North’s “engine of growth.” More recently, in the Northwest Territories, the engine of growth has made a dramatic shift and now includes diamonds, with Canada now one of the largest producers in the world. However, oil and gas remain significant, as do new projects such as the Mary River iron ore project on Baffin Island. There are also new gold deposits being planned for development.

Question 47

The Arctic is the Inuit traditional homeland and the Subarctic is home to First Nations and Métis.
Northern Canada is very sparsely populated, with most of the population living in isolated settlements (Figure 2-5).

Territorial North where the Indigenous population is about 53% of the total. The Provincial North portion has about 22% being Indigenous. The Territorial North and Provincial North combined is about 24% Indigenous, compared to the national average of about 4.3%

Answer 47

some facts

Question 48

period between approximately 30,000 years before present (BP) to 500 BP is referred to as

Answer 48

precontact