Chapter 1 Flashcards
Duty-to-consult doctrine
for first nations, the doctrine provides an arena to argue for their culture and environment as well as to seek economic accomodation.
it ensures their involvement in resource megaprojects
the crown has a duty to consult with affected aboriginals communities about potential impacts of development and, where appropriate, accomodate them
Tsilhqot’in decision
in 2014 the supreme court ruled in favor of the tsilhqot’in claim inancesterol lands and its control of development on these lands. Development on these lands will need consent from the aboriginals.
This example goes beyond consultation to the need for aboriginal approval- raises the bar and strenghens the hands of first nations
what has enhanced Canada’s geopolitical role in the circumpolar world and more specifically, in the Artic council
the issue of global warming, the northwest passage, and arctic sovereignty
Defining the north
where is the arctic and subarctic regions
In a narrow sense, it is the 3 territories. When looking at where permafrost is, the north is considered both the arctic and subarctic region- therefore extending into the northern reaches of all provicinces excluding the 3 maritimes
arctic and subarctic regions extend over nearly 80% of canada
the artic exsists in the 3 territories and in four of the 7 prairies( quebec, newfoundland and lbrador, ontario and manitoba)
the subarctic exsists in all 7 provinces with a northern landscape ( BC, AB,SK, MB, ON, QC, NFL) and the NWT and YT
what is the difference between the north and the rest of canada
- coldest enviro in canada
- the largest region of canada- 76% geographical areas
- the north is almost equily devided between the territorial north and the provicial north
- is its small population and its strong aboriginal composition, 80% inuit in the arctic. 5% of canadas population. the arctic contains under 100 000 people: populationdensity 0.01 person/km2 - one of the lowest in the world
- global warming is taking place more rapidly in the norht than in other regions of canada- physical geography is no longer a stable or fixed feature
the north has two different types of government, what are they
provincial and territorial
for northern parts of provinces, they form a minority and have limited political power
what is the difference between territories and provinces regarding politics
the territories rely on the federal government, ottawa provides most funding for territorial governments to provide public services . provinces recieve much of their funding from royalties from ressource development and from provincial tax
this from of fiscal dependency is changing though as the NWT and YT receive royalties from theri natural ressources. The NWT is going through devolution where the aboriginal governments are getting 25% of royalties
what is known as the forgotten north
the 7 northern parts of the provinces
what is northern ressorce hinterland
the northern parts of provinces- they do not benefit from a direct share of royalties. they can be unlocked by building highways and railways, for example northern BC built a railroad up north and they can now exploit the ressources. by reducing the transportation cost of natural resources to world markets hinterland developmemt became possible with the royalties benefiting all residents of the province
why is the sunlight longer in the summer
angle of the sun hitting th earth, higher lattitude experience longer periodes of sun
where and when does night lasts 24 hours
the artic circle on the winter sostice december 21 because the sun does not rise above the horizon
66 degrees 33’ N
in alerts there is 5 month continuous darkness and 5 months continuous sunlight
nordicity
combines human and physical factors to measure the degree of “ northernness” at specific places on a 10 selected variables called polar units. the north pole has a value of 1000 polar units . at 200 polar units, the north ends.
the physical elements measure coldness and the human elements measure accessibility/development. this approach permits the classification of the north into 3 regions- middle north, far north and extreme north .
an underlying assumption of such an ethnocentric viewpoints is that “development” of the north reduces its nordicity and therefore makes it more like southern canada.
Core /Periphery Model
describes the economic relationship between industrial cores and periphery hinterlands within a capitalist economy
What is Bone’s variation to the core/periphery Model
he has one core and 3 periphery regions: rapidly growing or upward transition, slow growing or downward transition and resource frontier
the canadian north is classifed as the ressource frontier while the rest of canada and the world are the industrial core. the industrial core dominate the economy in the resource and control the hintelands pace of resource development
what are the 3 assumption of the core/periphery model
- prices for manufactured goods increased over time more rapidly than agriculture and ressources prices. - this way the money would stay in the core.
- homogenous labour force
- saw no hope for diversificatoin of the worlds periphery because the core extracted all the weALTH from trade with hinterlands
