Learning In Psychology Flashcards
What is learning?
Any permanent change that occurs in behavior as a result of experience.
Learning is viewed as..
A process, than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge.
Relatively permanent
Refers to any changes in behavior due to experiences.
If an individual does not have the ability to remember what events have happened…
They have not learnt anything.
Define learning through experience or practice
Painful or noxious experiences are not forgotten easily, they tend to last for a lifetime. This means that we change our behavior to avoid the consequences that we have experienced before. On a positive side, we reinforce behavior when the consequences are pleasurable, which we have discovered through experience.
It is impossible that all changes can be accomplished through learning. Some changes can take place through ___________.
Maturation
Under what concept is this: any kind of change that takes place in a person’s behavior is learning.
Changes Leading to Learning
Spatial representations and relations were acquired, computed, and exploited.
Metaphor of “map control rooms”
S-R theories became attached to the analogy of…
Telephone switchboards
What is the analogy of telephone switchboards?
Stimulus inputs were connected to new response outputs through learning.
Cognitive theorists referred to reorganization of “electrical brain fields” and “neurophysiological traces systems related habit formation to establishment of neural “receptor-effector” connections.
Neurophysiological Basis of Learning: Brain Fields or Receptor-Effector Connections
Some scientists think that when we form habits, it changes the way our brain’s electricity works and leaves a kind of trace. Others believe it’s more about creating a direct link between what we sense and how we react.
Neurophysiological Basis of Learning: Brain Fields or Receptor-Effector Connections (simple definition)
Why did Spence basically said that those ideas of neurophysiological basis of learning don’t really matter much when we’re trying to understand how learning works?
Imagining how the brain works without connecting it to experimentas and results don’t help us learn much about hiw learning happens. Those brain theories were based more on personal reflection than on actual brain studies.
According to Guthrie, Thorndike, and Hull, learning is about..
Forming S-R (stimulus-response) Associations, linking stimuli to physical reactions like muscle movements and gland activity.
Hull’s view about S-R association is based on
His ideas about brain function, not because not his mathematical definition of habit.
According to Spence in the S-S and S-R association, most learning involves:
Forming connections between stimuli and responses.
This is when cognitve theorists believed that learning is forming connections between sensory experiences ir reorganizing them.
Stimulus-Stimulus (S-S) or Situmulus-Response (S-R) Associations
The distinction that acknowledges a significant difference in focus between cognitive and S-R theorists.
Contents Vs. Conditions of Learning
In Contents Vs. Conditions of Learning, what did Spence note on cognitive theorists?
- They tend to emphasize on “intrinsic” properties of their constructs
- Concentrated on the content of learning
- Relies too much on introspection to make inferences about contents of learning.
In Contents Vs. Conditions of Learning, what did Spence note on S-R theorists?
- concerned with the empirical relations among experimental variables that determine their constructs.
- focused on the conditions under which learning occurred.
Investigators from the cognitive tradition tended to examine the effects of variables that influenced the receipt of stimuli (e.g., orienting and attention) and perceptual
organization.
Stimulus Variables: Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic
What did Spence argued in Organism as Active or Passive Processor of Information
Spence argued that cognitive theorists misunderstood the S-R (Stimulus-Response) theory, which does consider the organism’s active role in learning, especially in how attention and reinforcement influence learning processes.
Summary of Organism as Active or Passive Processor of Information
This discussion is about whether organisms are just passive recipients of information, reacting to every stimulus around them, or if they actively process information by choosing and organizing it before forming associations.
Types of learning
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Observational learning
A Russian physiologist who achieved the goal of mental activity
Ivan Pavlov
Year when Ivan Pavlov won a nobel prize for his study in digestive systems of his dogs.
1904
Classical conditioning involves
Involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response
Classical conditioning is defined as
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original one and also to the natural stimulus that normally produces it.
Basic phases of classical conditioning
Phase 1: Before conditioning
Phase 2: During conditioning
Phase 3: After conditioning
