Learning & Human Factors Flashcards

Question

2.1.6 PHASES OF TEACHING **GROUND SCHOOL** * What is ground school * Instructor rating

Answer 1

* WHAT IS GROUND SCHOOL * Classroom based instruction * To a group os student * Covers items in the Study and reference guide * Prepare the student to the written exam * Should be organised so that * The relevant material is covered first before * Being covered during preparatory ground instruction, or * The pre-flight briefing * INSTRUCTOR RATING * Anyone can give instruction * Get approval from Chief Flying Instructor * Except toward instructor rating * Only Class 1 instructors

Answer 2

* PREPARATORY GROUND INSTRUCTION * Classroom based instruction * Normally 1-to-1 instruction * Sometimes a group of student * Covers how to do an air exercise * Therory cover in ground school * It given when introducing a new exercise * Ideally not more than 1 day in advance the flight

Answer 3

* WHEN * Before EVERY student flight * DC and SOLO * 1-to-1 instruction * Separate from * Ground school * Preparatory ground instruction * 3 KEY FACTORS must be discussed * So that the student is ready * Learning fator od readiness * What exercices will be performed * How to perform those exercices * Any relevant safety considerations * ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE FLIGHT * Should be reviewed with the student * Wx, Notams, aerodrom conditions * Aircraft informations, fuel on board, any malfunctions * Expected take-off and landing time * Route of flight and details related to airspace or pratice areas * In what order the exercices will be performed

Answer 4

* WHEN * Directly after the pre-flight briefing * Try to do everything as briefed * HAVING CONTROL * I have control, you have control * Do not follow along controls * Student think you are helping or doing the flying * Your hands and feet will interfere with normal control pressures * Slow learning * Be ready to take controls immediately * Important on take-off and landing * THAUGHT ORDER * Review the main point of exercise * Give a perfect demonstration * Learning factor of primacy * Get the student to try to fly the exercise * Or a smaller portion * Take control immediately, and provide fault analysis if you see any major errors * Learning factor of primacy * Give a perfect demonstration of air exercise that will be practiced in the next session * Student get an accurate mental image while they are preparing the lesson * FAULT ANALYSIS * Always take control of the aircraft so that the student does not have to divide their attention between flying and what you are saying

Answer 5

* WHEN * Done after EVERY student flight * DC or SOLO * 1-to-1 instruction focused on the flight just completed * 4 KEY FACTORS * Student can learn from the experience, and * Have it fresh in their mind for the next lesson * Learning factor recency * ASK * How the felt they performed on * The flight overall * Particular exercise * GIVE * Your own thoughts on their * Strenghts * Weaknesses * Suggest thing they could do to improve their performance * SEE * If the studeant has any question * Answer them all * OVERVIEW * Brief overview of what next lesson * Give homework or reading assignments * Student can prepare mentally for the upcoming lesson

Answer 6

* LOGICAL * Have your lesson proceed in a logical manner * Need a plan before you begin * Important during air instruction * Make effective way to aircraft use * Make a point to write down eah lesson * 3 KEY SECTIONS * REVIEW AND CONSOLIDATION * Of previous leesons * May be done on the way to practice area * EXERCICES RELATED * To your primary lesson objective * What skill are you trying to teach * CONSOLIDATION * Both current and previous lessons * With a brief introduction or demonstration of the skill to be covered in the next lesson

Answer 7

* OBJECTIVE * Every fligth should have an objective * What should be learned at the end of the lesson * Standard of completion * So you can evaluate student performance * PRE-FLIGHT BRIEFING * Items to be cover * REVIEW AND CONSOLIDATION * Previous lessons * Enroute to practice area * PRIMARY LESSON * AIR EXERCICES * To be flown * EXPECTED LEVEL OF SKILL * For each exercise * Familiarization and demonstration * Demonstration and practice * Supervised practice * Review * Solo practice * CONSOLIDATION * Previous and current lesson * Preview of the next lesson * Returning of practice area * SAFETY FACTORS * Key safety factors * e.g. minimum altitudes * POST-FLIGHT DEBRIEFING * Key points * Preview of the next lessen * Any study assigment * REMEMBER * A lesson plan does not cover one air exercise * You have a primary couple of air exercise * You need to give specific attention * Try to integrate specific air exercise into the overall flight by avoiding wasting aircraft time * Taking the opportunity to practice previously skills * Crosswind take and landings * Visual navigation to/from pratice area * Slow flight * Radio navigation

Answer 8

* LESSON OBJECTIVE : * Student to demonstrate * Basic climbs * Basic descents * Climbs and descents in a turn * KEY SAFETY ITEMS : * Minimum altitudes * Fuel required * Fuel/oil status of aircraft * Lookout for other aircraft * PRE-FLIGHT BRIEFING: * Review of * Basic attitudes and movements * Straight and level flight * Basic turning flight * Introduction of * Climb and descent * Power setting * Control inputs * Aircraft performance * CONSOLIDATION OF PREVIOUS EXERCICES - ENROUTE TO PRACTICE AREA : * Pre-flight inspection * Taxi * Take-off * Basic navigation to practice area * Straight and level flight * Level turns * PRIMARY LESSON EXERCICES : * Basic climbs & descent beginning from straight and level flight * Give demonstration * APT to climb * PAT to descend * Student attempt * APT to climb * Lookout * Attitude * Airspeed control * Heading control * Give fault analysis * PAT to descent * Lookout * Attitude * Airspeed control * Heading control * Give fault analysis * Student to practice until reasonably competent * Level turn to remain in pratice area * Climbing an descending turns: * Give demonstration * APT to climb * PAT to descend * Angle of turns * Effect of bank on climb and descent rates * Student attempt * Climbing turn first * Lookout * APT to climb * Then descending turns * Lookout * PAT to descend * Attitude control (pitch and bank) * Airspeed and heading control * Give fault analysis * Student to practice until reasonably competant * CONSOLIDATION OF LESSON & PREVIEW OF THE NEST LESSON - RETURNING FROM PRACTICE AREA * Basic navigation to the airport * Straight and level * Climbs, * Descents and turns ss required * Introductory demonstration * Best angle * Best rate of climbs * Range endurance flight * POST-FLIGHT DEBRIEFING : * Review purpose for, and procedurees to accomplish turns, climbs, descents and climbing and descending turns by questioning students * Provide fault analysis * How to improve performance * Give brief introduction to * Best angle * Best rate of climbs * Range and endurance flight * Study assigment for the next lesson

Answer 9

* WEAK STUDENTS * Develop the basics * Move through the material a little slower * STRONG, OVER-CONFIDENT STUDENT * Work harder * Take more responsability

Answer 10

* TRY THIS * Go over the basics * Be sure is is mastered before moving on * Be sure to let the student know when they do something corrrectly * Avoid excessive attitudes, high or lo G until necessary * You will have to be quite patient as the student's confidence build

Answer 11

* TRY THIS * Make the student work harder * By giving more difficult problem to solve * Closely check their work * Make sure that you tell them how they are actually doing * Give them a chance to prove to you that they are as capable as they say they are * If their skills does not math their confidence level * Have a personnal talk with them * Stress the dangers of being over-confident * In one's abilities in an aeroplane

Answer 12

* TRY THIS * Be patient and provide more time for a review than you normally do * Make the pre-flight briefing and post-flight debreifing longer as well * Finally ask the student to study more on their own

Answer 13

* TRY THIS * Being inconsistent is normal at some point * If it is excessive * Try a different thecnique when instructing, or * Even try a different instructor with that student

Answer 14

* TRY THIS * Give less work * Give more individual instruction to help the student to master the necessary skils one by one * Be patient with their mistakes * Ecourage them

Answer 15

* TRY THIS * Give them * More work * Greater responsabilities * More difficult assignments * Make your briefings comprehensive * Do not leave anything out * Watch closely for weak areas * Expect the student to become more average after they go Solo

Answer 16

* TRY THIS * Do not give the student the opportunity to dodge their responsabilities * Closely check their work * Let them know what is expected of them and * How they are progressing, * The reason for their poor progress * Help and encourage them * Set a good example in your attitude * The student will likelly mature quickly in the flight training environment

Answer 17

* FLIGHT TRAINING * Causes more stress tan everyday life for students * Can cause strong emotions * Can negatively affect their training * 3 CLASSES * Mild emotions * Strong emotions * Disruptive emotions

Answer 18

* EVERY DAY * What we experience every day * Exemple * General satisfactions * General dissatisfaction * IMPORTANT TO FLIGHT TRAINING * Important because they affect motivation * If you are not satisfied with your progress or training experience * You will likely not want to continue learning

Answer 19

* SEVERITY * Quite severe * Disrupt clear thinking * Generally require the help of a psychiatrist * RARETY * Quite rare * You only need to know that they exist

Answer 20

* WHEN * Not typically experience on an every day basis * FLIGHT TRAINING * Cause problem in flight traininbecause they cause a lot of stress * STRESS * Can be dealt with * But cannot be tolerated for extended period of time * String emotional stress * Can cause extreme nervousness * Make unable you to relax * Can interfere with eating and sleeping habits * Generally makes the person miserable * RESPONSE * Person expose to such stress will try to reduce it * Whether they know that they are or not * GOOD * Directly approach the cause * Try to solve the problem * Once problem solve, the stress * Will go away * Learning can continue * Can occur for example if you having a difficult time learning how to control your glidepath on final approach * Extra study, training and practice will likelly imprive your performance * Stress will be relieved * BAD * Avoiding the problem altogether by using emotional escape mechanisims * Relieve the stress * But learning will suffer * Occasional use of esscape mechanisim is normal, but if you notice over-use of the following escape mechanism, you * Must take immediate corrective action * Before your student's emotional stress becomes too great

Answer 21

* 5 MECHANISMS * PROJECTION * The student blame others from their * Mistakes, or * Failures * RATIONALIZATION * They try to find excuses for, or * Otherwise justify their failures * RESIGNATION * The student just gives up * FLIGHT * The student removes themselves from the situation, either * Physically * Mentally * AGGRESSION * The student becomes aggressive or argumentative towards others, to try and relieve the tension

Answer 22

* CAUSE * The runway to look lower than it is, * Whial a rain shower on final approach can cause the runway lights to look bigger and brighter * PILOT REACTION * Tending to undershoot on approach

Answer 23

* CAUSES * Runway appearing further away than it actually is * PILOT REACTION * To fly high on the approach

Answer 24

* CAUSE * Illusion that you are much higher than you are actually are * PILOT REACTION * Fly a high approach,or * Overshoot

Answer 25

* CAUSE * Illusion that you are much lower than you are actually are * PILOT REACTION * Fly a low approach,or * Undershoot

Answer 26

* CAUSE * Illusion that you are much lower than you actually are * PILOT REACTION * Fly high on the approach * Flare high on the landing

Answer 27

* CAUSE * Illusion that you are much highr than you actually are * PILOT REACTION * Fly low on the approach * Flare low on the landing

Answer 28

* PILOT REACTION * Fly high on the approach * Overshoot

Answer 29

* PILOT REACTION * Fly low on the approach * Undershoot

Answer 30

* Illusion * One of * Skidding, and * Decreasing airspeed

Answer 31

* Illusion * One of * Slipping, and * Increasing airspeed

Answer 32

* NATURAL REACTION OF THE EYE * To a lack of stimulus * Eye tends to focus 3 to 5 fett away * Cause when flying in a featureless sky * Clear day * Hazy day * Dark night * OBJECTS APPEARANCE * Much smaller and thus * Much further away than they are * EASY WAY TO RE-FOCUS * Look at the wingtips of the aircraft

Answer 33

* EACH EYE * Each has a blindspot * Normal binocular, the blindspot never coincide * FIELD OF ONE EYE VIEW IS BLOCKED * As exemple by a sunshield or window post * Object in the blindspot of the unobstructed eye will not be detected

Answer 34

* CAUSE * Object that appear fixed may actually converging with your flight path

Answer 35

* FLYING AT NIGHT * Reduced * Visual acuity * Color vision * Depth perception * In addition your brain, eyes and other sensors may act to deceive you * Either alone, or * In a various combinations * SENSORS * Vision operates using different sensors * Dark adaptation takes usually 30 minutes * RODS * Primary vision in low conditions * CONES * Primary vision in hight light conditions * RED LIGHT * May accelerate the night adaptation * Severly distorts colors (big problem on charts) * White light will thus need to be used * Keep cockpit illumination at the lowest level * ILLUSIONS * Autokinesis * False horizons * The "black hole" phenomena * The somatogravic illusion

Answer 36

* WHEN * One focuses on a single light in an area where there are no other references * EFFECT * Minute involuntary ocular motions cause the light to seemingly move in irregular arcs and can induce vertigo

Answer 37

* WHEN * Flying on clear moonless nights over ruural areas * The lights below could blend with stars * Making it difficult to make out an actual horizon * By sloping top clouds * EFFECT * Lead to spatial disorientation * Not severe problem around cities * Scatered light actually helps to define the real horizon better

Answer 38

* WHEN * Approching to land at an airport where the approach area consists of featureless terrain and few ground lights * In rural areas or where the appoach path is over water or open field (specially snow covered) * EFFECT * Brain tries to maintain a constant angle between * The beginning of the runway * The end of the runway * The eye judges slope by the angle occupied by the runway and the reaction is to try to keep that angle constant as you continue the apporach * Result in a curved approach instead of * A constant angle approach * Typically 3 degrees, * Which is desirable and standard * During the day yhe angle occupied by the runway increase as you continue on the approach * Ground clearance will obviously be * Severely compromise * Obstacles likes trees, masts in apprach path the result can be deadly

Answer 39

* WHEN * Result from a rapid acceleration * Such as experience during take-off role * EFFECT * Stimulate the otolith organs in the ears * Same way tilting the head backwards * Create an illusion of bein in a nose-up attitude * Specially in situation with good visual reference * PILOT REACTION * Disoriented after take-off may think he is climbing too fast * May push in a nose-low or dive attitude * Resulting impact with the terrain * Particular problem at rural airports on dark nights where one transition from * The lit of the runway environment to * A dark environment devoid of lights or * Other visual cues to one's attitude

Answer 40

* DAY FLIGHT TECHNIQUES * Do not forget your day flying techniques * STRAIGHT IN LANDING * Avoid long final * Try to join the circuit from above the airfield ang join the mid down-wind * RATE OF DESCENT * Keep the rate the same as you would do during the day * 400-500 fpm at 80-100 kts * 320 feet per 1 mile away * NIGHT APPROACH AIDS * Always make use of the night approach aids * VASIS & PAPI's * Do not descent before align with the runway * Obstacle near runway threshold are hard to see (trees, masts) * RED AND WHITE * "Red and white - you are alright" * "Red and Red - you could be dead" * OBSTACLE FREE * Aircraft following the on-slope signal are provided with sage obstruction clearance with 6-9 degrees on either side of the extended centreline out to 4nm from runway threshold * Exception noted in CFS * AIMING POINT * If no night approach aids & runway lenght is not a factor then * Aiming touchdown 100 feet or so down the runway * INSTRUMENT RATING * Get one or at least be current on basic instrument flying

Answer 41

* WHEN * Useful tool in managing one's fitness for flight * Use at every flight * 6 KEYS * Illness * Any impair your physical or mental ability to fly ? * Medication * Any which is not approved for aviation ? * Do not overlook over-the-counter medications * Stress * Which level ? * Chronic long term stress * Acute short term stress * Alcohol * Under the influence and/or drugs ? * Minimum 8 hours by key is Under the Influence * Fatigue * Well rested ? * Eating * Keep you adequately nourished during the flight ? * High sugar food are notorious for leaving you feeling fatigued and unable to think clearly after only a short period

Answer 42

* ANTI-AUTHORITY * Being constrained in their actions by a set of rules * Often helps to think through and understand why the rules are in place * Usually rules and procs are logical and helpful * Developped to aoid re-occurence of a dangerous situation * IMPULSIVITY * Doing something, anything as long as * It is rarely constructive * Specially not in aviation * Require evaluation of multiple factors * Take the time * To consider alternatives * Think through reasonnable consequences of various course of action * INVULNERABILITY * We are all vulnerable (see rapport accident) * Try and read as many of these reports * Situation may be similar * Use that knowledge to manage your risk * MACHISMO * Top Gun or Ace at the Base rarely impress anyone but yourself * Usually leave people shaking their heads in disbelief or scares the hell out of any passenger * RESIGNATION * Flying is a no place for fatalistic approach * Many factors still within our control * Those which are not can be dealt with trough * Sound risk assessement * Follow up by decision making * Action to provide risk mitigation

Answer 43

* 4 BASIC STEPS TO GET OXYGEN * Cell of your body requires O2 * Cell to get O2, there are 4 basic steps * Sufficient O2 with great enough pressure must enter the lungs * The O2 must be absorbed in lungs * The O2 must be carried through the body to the organs and tissues * The O2 must be transferred from the blood to the cells in the organs and tissues * CATEGORIZED OF HYPOXIA * By How and Where the transport of O2 to the cells of your body is interrupted * Hypoxic hypoxia * Stagnant hypoxia * Anaemic hypoxia * Hystoxic hypoxia

Answer 44

* CAUSE * Insufficient O2 at sufficient pressure available in the lungs * Most common type hypoxia faced by pilots * Reduction in atmospheric pressure at higher altitude * EFFECT * The lower atmospheric pressure reduce the partial pressure of th O2 in the air and prevents absorption of O2 into the bloodstream

Answer 45

* CAUSE * Blood and thus O2 is prevented from moving throughout the body * EFFECT * When sitting still long time in the cockpit * Parts of the body "go to sleep" because pressure points which * Result from sitting in one position block off the flow of blood to, for example legs or feet * May be the High G loading such as those experienced during steep turns or aerobatic manoeuvers * Common result of high G may be loss of consciousness because the blood is unable to move to the head and the brain is starved to O2

Answer 46

* CAUSE * The blood is unable to absorb and carry the O2 from the lungs to various parts of the body * EFFECT * For pilots, carbin monoxide poisoning is a very real cause * Donating blodd or iron deficiency are other causes

Answer 47

* CAUSE * Occurs if the cells in the various organs and tissues are unable to absorb O2 properly * EFFECT * Occurs with alcohol consumption * Alcohol in the body reduces the ability of cells to efficiently absorb O2

Answer 48

* FIRST SYMPTOM * Euphoria * Fell quite happy about life instead * Of feeling impared * Exactly the opposite to what you are as indicated by the list of symptoms * This one make hypoxia so dangerous * OPPOSITE SYMPTOMS * Impaired symptoms * Tingling in your finger and toes * Numbness * Dizziness and drowsiness * Visual impairment * Specially at night * Fatigue * Headache * Nausea * Hunger * Hot and cold flashes * Poor Co-ordination and invrease reaction time * Poor judgment * Cyanosis * Blue fingernails and lips * Rapid breathing * SYMPTOMS WORSEN * Your field of vision will narrow, and * You could progress through unconsciousness to death * NIGHT FLYING * Degradation of vision * Particularly the rods which provide the night vision * As low as 5000 ft * More ssevere if you are a smoker

Answer 49

* ALTITUDE * Hypoxic hypoxia * Rate at which your symptoms worsen depends on the altitude at which you are flying * TIME OF USEFUL CONSCIOUSNESS * 10,000 ft : hours * 18,000 ft : 20 minutes * 20,000 ft : 5 to 12 minutes * 25,000 ft : 3 to 5 minutes * 30,000 ft : 1 to 2 minutes * CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING * Anaemic hypoxia * Exhaust gases leaking into the cabin * More common in the winter by using cabin heat which draw air around the exhaust * Odorless ans tasteless * Risk mitigate by prevention rather then detection * Thorough preflight of the exhaust system * Using a carbon monoxide detector * Suspected * Close the heat * Increase ventilation flow * Descend and land * DONATING BLOOD * Anaemic hypoxia * Insufficient haemoglobin to transport O2 to the cells * Do not fly for at least 48 hours after donating blood

Answer 50

* OPPOSITE TURNING ILLUSION * Result from a sustained turn in one direction * Fluid to your ears turn in the same direction as the aircraft * When rate of turn of the airraft is reduced or stopped * The fluid continues to rotate resulting * A sensation of turning in the opposite direction * Typical reaction to this are to roll back into the turn in the original direction * COREOLIS ILLUSION * Occurs when you turn your head when the aircraft is itself in a turn * As exemple reach across the instrument panel to operate a switch or bend down to pick up * Rotation of the fluid in your ears will create the illusion of tumbling from which it is extremely difficult to recover * THE LEANS * Similar to the opposite turning illusion * Typically results if the pilot inadvertenly enters a slow turn * Exemple while checking a chart * Unaware of the turn, the sustained gentle turn has started the fluid in the ears rotating * When the pilot recovers to the level wing, the fluid continues to rotating creating the impression of a trun in the opposite direction despite the fact the wing are level * THE PITCH UP ILLUSION * Result as an acceleration during an overshoot. * Danger in condition of low visibility you might inadvertenly lower the nose to level or descending while you should climb to clear terrain