LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

Question 1

Related Literature

Answer 1

• This part provides background regarding the
  aspects which have been studied and not yet studied.
• This part determines the similarities and differences of the findings between the past and the present studies.
• Required to read all literature and studies partially and closely related to the study
• Reveals Gaps in knowledge, Provides basis for methods, Provides perspective, Evaluates related studies, Eliminates reinventing the wheel

Question 2

narrative

Answer 2

Flows from beginning to end with a theme

Question 3

synthesis

Answer 3

From a combination of many studies

Question 4

research gaps

Answer 4

evidence gap, knowledge gap, practical knowledge gap, methodological gap, empirical gap, theoretical gap, population gap

Question 5

evidence gap

Answer 5

An evidence gap arises when a new research finding contradicts widely accepted conclusions. It involves contradictions in the findings of prior research.

Question 6

knowledge gap

Answer 6

• desired research findings do not exist

Question 7

practicak knowledge gap

Answer 7

A practical knowledge gap occurs when professional behavior or practices deviate from research findings or are not covered by the research

Question 8

methodological gap

Answer 8

A methodological gap is the missing gap of knowledge on a more appropriate underlying method(s) which can be used in research instead of the previously one

Question 9

empirical gap

Answer 9

An empirical gap occurs when there is a lack of empirical evidence or data in a particular area. It can happen when there is a lack of research on a specific topic or when existing research is inadequate or inconclusive.

Question 10

theoretical gap

Answer 10

theory should be applied to certain research issues to generate new insights.

Question 11

population gap

Answer 11

A population gap refers to an under-served population that has been under-researched. It deals with a population that is not adequately represented or under-researched in prior research.

Question 12

research framework

Answer 12

• Explains why and how the study is being
  done
• Let readers know what the study is and is
  not about
• Helps researchers support and interpret
  findings

Question 13

conceptual vs theoretical framework

Answer 13

A theoretical framework is essentially a set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that together form a structured, comprehensive view of a specific phenomenon. It is a collection of existing theories, models, and frameworks that provides a foundation of core knowledge.

A conceptual framework informs your readers on what to expect and know from your research. It defines the relevant variables for your study and maps out how they relate to each other. A conceptual framework is constructed before collecting data and often represented in a visual format.

Question 14

hypothesis

Answer 14

• An assumption or concession made for the sake of argument
• An interpretation of a practical situation or condition taken as the ground for action
• A tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences

Question 15

type of hypothesis

Answer 15

Research Hypothesis
- Problem-based
- Resulted from the synthesized information in the literature review
- Avoid using statistical terms when stating the research hypothesis.

Statistical Hypothesis
- Commonly presented using alternative and null
- These hypotheses will be tested using inferential testing (hypothesis testing).
- Based on the specific questions that require hypothesis testing.

Question 16

common forms of hypothesis

Answer 16

• simple and complex
• null and alternative

Question 17

simple vs complex hypothesis

Answer 17

• A simple hypothesis is a prediction of the
  relationship between two variables: the
  independent variable and the dependent
  variable.
  -A complex hypothesis examines the
  relationship between two or more
  independent variables and two or more
  dependent variables.

Question 18

alternative vs. null hypothesis

Answer 18

An alternative hypothesis (H1) flows
directly out of the problem statement and
declares in clear, objective, measurable
terms what you expect the result of your
study to be; non-directional - if there is a significant difference lang, 2 tailed; directional - if may positive or negative effect/greater/lesser, one-tailed

A null hypothesis (H0) exists when a
researcher believes there is no relationship
between the two variables, or there is a
lack of information to state a scientific
hypothesis.

Question 19

definition of terms

Answer 19

• It discusses crucial words in the study and is essential to be cleared out.
• It intends to have a common understanding between the researcher and the audience/readers.
• It also sets limits on what the study will cover.

Question 20

what are the terms to be defined

Answer 20

based on the judgment of the researcher
- terms that are repeatedly used in the study
(variables, framework, jargon in the methods)
- terms that are not common to the audience
- terms that may cause confusion to some
readers because it may have a different
meaning

Question 21

types of definition

Answer 21

conceptual, operational, combined

Question 22

conceptual definition

Answer 22

based on how references define it;
– used when the definition from a
credible reference – related
literature – matches on how the
term is used in the study

Question 23

operational definition

Answer 23

based on how the word is used in the study
– commonly sets the limits covered by the study
– researchers may create their own definition if
no conceptual definition fits with how the
term is used in the study

Question 24

combined definition

Answer 24

– needed when there is a conceptual definition,
but limitations must be set