LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE Flashcards
Related Literature
- This part provides background regarding the
aspects which have been studied and not yet studied. - This part determines the similarities and differences of the findings between the past and the present studies.
- Required to read all literature and studies partially and closely related to the study
- Reveals Gaps in knowledge, Provides basis for methods, Provides perspective, Evaluates related studies, Eliminates reinventing the wheel
narrative
Flows from beginning to end with a theme
synthesis
From a combination of many studies
research gaps
evidence gap, knowledge gap, practical knowledge gap, methodological gap, empirical gap, theoretical gap, population gap
evidence gap
An evidence gap arises when a new research finding contradicts widely accepted conclusions. It involves contradictions in the findings of prior research.
knowledge gap
- desired research findings do not exist
practicak knowledge gap
A practical knowledge gap occurs when professional behavior or practices deviate from research findings or are not covered by the research
methodological gap
A methodological gap is the missing gap of knowledge on a more appropriate underlying method(s) which can be used in research instead of the previously one
empirical gap
An empirical gap occurs when there is a lack of empirical evidence or data in a particular area. It can happen when there is a lack of research on a specific topic or when existing research is inadequate or inconclusive.
theoretical gap
theory should be applied to certain research issues to generate new insights.
population gap
A population gap refers to an under-served population that has been under-researched. It deals with a population that is not adequately represented or under-researched in prior research.
research framework
- Explains why and how the study is being
done - Let readers know what the study is and is
not about - Helps researchers support and interpret
findings
conceptual vs theoretical framework
A theoretical framework is essentially a set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that together form a structured, comprehensive view of a specific phenomenon. It is a collection of existing theories, models, and frameworks that provides a foundation of core knowledge.
A conceptual framework informs your readers on what to expect and know from your research. It defines the relevant variables for your study and maps out how they relate to each other. A conceptual framework is constructed before collecting data and often represented in a visual format.
hypothesis
- An assumption or concession made for the sake of argument
- An interpretation of a practical situation or condition taken as the ground for action
- A tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences
type of hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
- Problem-based
- Resulted from the synthesized information in the literature review
- Avoid using statistical terms when stating the research hypothesis.
Statistical Hypothesis
- Commonly presented using alternative and null
- These hypotheses will be tested using inferential testing (hypothesis testing).
- Based on the specific questions that require hypothesis testing.
common forms of hypothesis
- simple and complex
- null and alternative
simple vs complex hypothesis
- A simple hypothesis is a prediction of the
relationship between two variables: the
independent variable and the dependent
variable.
-A complex hypothesis examines the
relationship between two or more
independent variables and two or more
dependent variables.
alternative vs. null hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis (H1) flows
directly out of the problem statement and
declares in clear, objective, measurable
terms what you expect the result of your
study to be; non-directional - if there is a significant difference lang, 2 tailed; directional - if may positive or negative effect/greater/lesser, one-tailed
A null hypothesis (H0) exists when a
researcher believes there is no relationship
between the two variables, or there is a
lack of information to state a scientific
hypothesis.
definition of terms
- It discusses crucial words in the study and is essential to be cleared out.
- It intends to have a common understanding between the researcher and the audience/readers.
- It also sets limits on what the study will cover.
what are the terms to be defined
based on the judgment of the researcher
- terms that are repeatedly used in the study
(variables, framework, jargon in the methods)
- terms that are not common to the audience
- terms that may cause confusion to some
readers because it may have a different
meaning
types of definition
conceptual, operational, combined
conceptual definition
based on how references define it;
– used when the definition from a
credible reference – related
literature – matches on how the
term is used in the study
operational definition
based on how the word is used in the study
– commonly sets the limits covered by the study
– researchers may create their own definition if
no conceptual definition fits with how the
term is used in the study
combined definition
– needed when there is a conceptual definition,
but limitations must be set
