Learning from Mistakes Flashcards
Sue & colleagues distinguish between three forms of racial microaggression. When a white says an AA individual “when I look at u i dont see color” this is
microinvalidation Other microaggressions include:microassault, microinsult
According to Bandura, modeling (observational learning): A. teaches new beh. B. disinhibits and facilitates beh already in one’s repetoire B. provides cues as to the appropriateness of a particular behavior. D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Prolonged emotional stress in expectant mother has been linked to what?
newborn’s increased crying and irritability.
If an intern administered psych tests..then when it comes to report writing
They should be put on the report as an examiner.
If you do an item analysis of the items you plan to include in a new test of computer knowledge. You get a p-value of .85 for an item. This shows this item is…
easy The closer the p-value is to 1 the easier the item since it means that a large proportion of people answered it correctly.
visual agnosia is best described as
visual not knowing
Which of the following is excluded as a disability in the American with Disabilities Act? A. HIV/AIDS B. learning disabilities C. transvestism D. Diabetes
C. transvestism this is a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. Others listed as not counting include: exhibitionism, gender identity disorder not resulting in physical impairment, compulsive gambling, kleptomania, and illegal drugs.
Attachment style most linked to aggressive problems is
disorganized
Freud- the work of mental apparatus is directed toward keeping the quantity of excitation low… when unsuccessful at doing so- the result is likely to be:
anxiety Excessive excitation by the id’s impulses leads to anxiety
Jensen’s research on variability in IQ showed that the avg IQ difference within families is … points
11
Covert sensitization
Uses counterconditioning in imagination (instead of in vivo) to reduce or eliminate undesired behavior. It is a type of aversion therapy.
Risky shift phenomenon is a potential problem when
employees work together to derive a work-related decision.. make more risky decisions when in a group than individually.
The paired comparison technique is: A. a method of job analysis B. a method of job evaluation C. A relative measure of job performance. D. an absolute measure of job performance.
C. A relative measure of job performance.
If head trauma with damage to the primary motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere, you would expect
loss of voluntary movements in his right hands and fingers. VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
For Kohler and other Gestalt psychologists, learning is the result of which of the following? - development of mental models -the formation of associations btwn stimuli and responses - the perception of relationships among elements of the other problem - observation and imitation of the beh of others
- the perception of relationships among elements of the other problem Kohler is a founding father of Gestalt therapy- assumption that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.. known for work on insight. - insight is a type of relational thinking- sudden understanding of relationships.
In reality therapy…focus is
person has adopted a successful identity when he or she fulfills his or her needs in a responsible way. Reality- real grow-up- I fulfill my identity when I meet my needs in responsible ways.
Most consistent evidence of neurogenesis is found in what part of the brain?
Hippocampus Olfactory bulb
Looking at anxiety compared to young adults, older adults are
more likely to believe their sxs are due to physical health problems. they also benefit similarly for CBT and psychopharmacological treatments.
Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky supportive adults and more competent peers offer support for scaffolding BUT make-believe play allows children to act and think in more cog. complex ways.
You would be concerned about a selection test’s differential validity for males and females when you discover:
the SLOPE OF THE REGRESSION lines for males and females are different.
When using in vivo exposure with response prevention: -the CS is presented repeatedly without the US. -the US is presented repeatedly without the CS. - the CS and US are alternatively presented. -the CS and US are presented simultaneously
-the CS is presented repeatedly without the US. This is known as flooding! the anxiety is classically conditioned, there are a few things to know: You want to repeatedly expose clt to the anxiety-arousing situation (CS) without avoiding it. repeatedly doing this will result in extinction of the CR>
In factor analysis, Specificity refers to
the proportion of variability in a test that has not been explained by the factor.
Using the DSM, level of severity of intellectual disability is based on…
the individual’s adaptive functioning in conceptual, social and practical domains.
The Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales…
was developed based on the hierarchical model of intelligence that begins with a global “g” factor. Mean is 100, and SD = 15 Age range is 2 to 85+ five cog indexes: Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory
Seattle Longitudinal Study three fun facts
intelligence remains relatively stable until age 60 Mental abilities, perceptual speed and numeric ability are the first to decline.
What memory is capable of storing a very large amount of information for a very brief period of time?
Sensory memory
Difficulty repeating spoken words by another person and recalling the name of a familiar object are symptoms of
Wernicke’s, Broca’s and conduction aphasias Conduction aphasia is due to damage in the nerve fibers that connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
Food restriction associated with Anorexia Nervosa reduces____ levels
Serotonin Anorexia is related to higher than normal levels of serotonin in the brain. starvation reduces tryptophan- which then reduces levels of serotonin and temporarily relieves anxiety.
Lewin’s theory predicts that: -human behavior is due more to physical than psychological characteristics. - a leader’s power is directly affected by the characteristics of the task and environment. - human behavior is a function of both the person and his/her environment. -a group can be no more effective than its least effective member.
- human behavior is a function of both the person and his/her environment. Lewin- FIELD THEORY formula- B=f(P, E)
Difference between illusion and hallucination
Hallucination is in the ABSENCE of actual stimulus. illusion is a misperception of reality.
Reality theory therapist would be interested in….
-client’s sense of responsibility and needs for power, freedom and belongingness Focus: fulfilling one’s needs in a responsible way behavior is motivated by biological and psychological needs.
The most effective intervention for cigarette smoking combines nicotine replacement therapy with
support from a clinician and skills training. Nicotine replacement is MOST effective in terms of long-term effects when combined with guidance and support from a mental health professional and SKILLS training focused on avoiding relapse, relapse prevention.
Electroconvulsive shock therapy is considered an effective intervention for severe depression that has not been responsive to other treatments or is accompanied by a high suicide risk. It also has the bad side effect of…
PATCHY anterograde amnesia and TEMPORARY retrograde amnesia.
Item response theory.. three fun facts
- is both theoretically and mathematically complex - requires constructing an item response curve for each item -you need a large sample of examinees
When grief is a treatment target, you are likely using what kind of therapy?
Interpersonal therapy. There are four key problem areas presented by depressed clients: Grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transition, interpersonal deficits.
Autocorrection is most likely a problem when using what research design?
repeated measures. Autocorrection= correlation between measurements of the dependent variable when the dependent variable is repeatedly administered to same subjects.
Roger’s therapy.. q-sort is used for
evaluating a client’s progress in therapy. To evaluate the degree of congruence between self and ideal self… first round do it for self… then do it in terms of ideal self
At____ months, infants begin searching for hidden object but reach for the object in the last place they found it even when they have seen the object moved to another location.
8 to 12 months This is the A not B error
Type I error happens when, on the basis of the study results, a researcher..
A. retains a false null hypothesis
B. rejects a false null hypothesis
C. retains a true null hypothesis
D. Rejects a true null hypothesis
D. Rejects a true null hypothesis
What analysis for two or more categorical variable to predict status on a single categorical variable
Logit analysis
Increasing age is LEAST likely to have the following effects on a mans sexual response
the resolution phase and refractory period will both increase.
On the contrary- the resolution phase decreases (with a loss of erection following orgasm being quite rapid)
Indivdual therapy, grp therapy and family therapy are effective for tx Bulemia. But in terms of individual therapy, research shows
CBT is better than interpersonal or behavioral for SHORT-TERM effects.
AND CBT and interpersonal therapy are equally effective for LONG-TERM effects.
What has the strongest evidence of success for reducing teen pregnancy rates?
service learning programs.
Key feature to look for in Histrionic Personality Disorder
Attention-seeking
Key feature to look for in Borderline
instability- mood, relationships and work
affective symptoms show the LEAST improvement with increasing age.
By middle age or sooner- indiv. with BPD no longer meet criteria for disorder.
Stern considered the difficulties experienced by borderline pt to be secondary to narcissim.
Key feature to look for in Narcissistic
Grandiosity
Hawaiian practice of ho’oponopono is described as
a family intervention
Known as setting it right. Focused on resolving current conflict or other interpersonal problems.
Existential therapist are most likely to describe existential anxiety as
potential stimulus for growth.
Anxiety is inevitable condition of life and existential thp typically distinguish between normal and neurotic anxiety.
If you record each child’s behavior during specific periods of time… this would be…
Time sampling
This is a type of interval recording
Standard error of the mean
Decreases as sample size increases.
HOWEVER, it changes in the same direction of changes in the SD of the population
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is implicated in controlling the circadian rhythm. It is located in the
Hypothalamus
When in doubt go with the hypothalamus as it is involved in a variety of important functions.
When compared to older adults with chronic pain, younger adults with chronic pain tend to report
MORE pain intensity and MORE sxs of depression.
and more problem coping with pain
Brousseau & Driver’s notion of career concept refers to an individual’s
career decisions
There are three dimensions of career decisions: freq of job change, direction of change, and type of change in job content.
There are 4 career concepts: steady state, linear, spiral, and trisitory.
Transformational leaders motivate followers to…
- accept and support org. change that is in the best interest of the organization.
- they motivate to achieve transcendantal goals that go beyond each worker’s immediate self-interests.
When a test has high sensitivity, this measn that there is a.
A. low chance of false neg. and high chance of false pos.
B. low chance of false neg. and low chance of false pos.
C. high chance of false neg. and high chance of false pos.
D. high chance of false neg. and low chace of false pos.
A. low chance of false neg. and high chance of false pos.
Sensitivity= the proportion of people with the condition who are correctly identifies by the test.
Sensitivity is high= most of the people with the disorder will be ID as having the disorder by the test- meaning there will be FEW fals pos. but there will also be some false pos.
Specificity= the proportion of people who do not have the condition who are correctly ID by the test. when a test has high specificity it means there is a high chance of false neg and low chance of false pos.
Psychology of oppression is related to
motivation, emotions, ambitions and ideals
Research on the effects of divorce on P-C relationship has shown that during the initial period after divorce- the relationship between custodial parent and child changes.. custodial mother often…
provides harsher but more inconsistent punishment.
There is a diminshed capacity to parent.
Both parents become more self-involved following a divorce and typically spend less time with their children.
If you are taking Parnate, an MAO-inhibitor you should be warned against eating
aged and ripe cheeses,
yogurt,
over-ripe avocados
As defined by Beck, schemas are
cognitive structures
they represent knowledge about events, objects or other phenomena. they structure the way we think about stimuli we encounter.
They are a product of biological and environmental phenomena and develop EARLY in life
Aversive counterconditioning is
covert sensitization
As a grad student if you are extremely anxious about a lecture you need to give the next morning, you have two drinks to reduce anxiety.. the student’s anxiety will increase in this situation if they…
relax and do nothing
CBT with older adults has found
it is most effective when done at a SLOWER pace and with higher levels of abstraction.
Erikson: an adolescent who does not succesfully resolve conflict of identity vs. identity confussion bc of uncertainty with their sexual identity is likely exhibit what maladaptiv response?
repudiation
Shame–>compulsion
Integrity/despair–>disdain
Industry/integrity–>inertia
Edgar Schein
Organizational culture acts as a defense mechanism that helps organizational members avoid uncertainty and axiety.
Repeated exposure to alcohol during prenatal dev. is likely going to impact (brain parts)
basal ganglia
hippocampus
frontal lobes
When using split-half method to estimate reliability…
The reliability coefficient will OVERESTIMATE the reliability of the SPEED TEST
Sleep terrors and sleepwalking
are followed by amnesia for the event
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
pattern of culturally inappropriate and overly familiar beh. with unfamiliar people
Beh is related to the experience of extremely insufficient care.
A partial seizure is characterized by
FOCAL onset in one hemisphere
WITH or WITHOUT a loss of consciousness
ex- simple partial- NO loss of consciousness
complex partial- LOSS of consciousness
Bulemia Nervosa
Binge eating
inappropriate compensatory behavior
AT LEAST THREE MONTHS
B–>3
Scoring and interpretation of the TAT usually involves considering
needs and press
Needs:internal determinants of beh
Press- envtal determinants of beh.
Thema- interactions btwn needs and press
Drug for tourettes
HALOperidol
it is an antipsychotic that works by blocking transmission of dopamine
Extended family systems therapy
encourages thp to develop a therapeutic triangle
Baby with insecure/ambivalent attachment when reunited with mom will
hit/push mom when she approaches
continue to cry after she picks him up
Research on substance abuse for NA found risk is
lowest for those who adapt to BOTH NA and Non-NA cultures
Gay and lesbian adol primary presenting problem is..
social and emotioanl isolation
Seligman’s Pos Psychotherapy.. clt is asked to keep a journal listing
3 good things that happened each day
mom of newborn is most likely to say that she can tell based on the baby’s cry that her baby is
Hungry
angry
in pain
Rates of OCD, Social Phobia and Specific Phobia are
higher for indiv. with Anorexia and Bulemia than other individuals
AND the onset of anxiety disorder is most often PRIOR to the onset of eating disorder
Electrolyte imbalance is a complication of Bulemia and the danger is in:
Electrolyte imbalance–>
cardiac arrhythmia and arrest
Anosognosia
impairment in self-awareness of own sxs
Early motor sxs of Huntingtons disease most often involve
repetive movements in the extremities and face
Individuals with which dx are most likely to show decifits in processing speed index?
Traumatic brain injury
mild Alzheimers
and ADHD
Helm’s White model says that therapist in which stage will work most effectively with AA at different stages?
Autonomy
the more advanced the thps’s identity development- the greater their effectiveness.
In terms of Asian’s and psychotropic meds and side effects they..
req. LOWER doses to get the same therapeutic effects and experience MORE severe side effects from the same dose.
Prader-Willi is caused by
a chromosomal deletion
According to overjustification hypothesis…
external rewards decrease intrinsic interest
What theory predicts that the decision to stay or leave a relationship depends on the relative costs and rewards of that relationship
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
we are more likely to stay in a relationship when the rewards of the relationship exceed the costs
Super’s Lifespan model of career development
A major task of _____stage is to update one’s skills through training
Maintenance
When a manager has a approach-avoidance conflict and they have some reservations… as the time gets closer to the time to implement the plan..
the pos and neg aspects of the plan will both increase in strength for the manager, but the neg. aspects will increase MORE
Hypothyroidism
difficulties in concentration
forgetfulnes
sensitivity to cold
unexplained weight gain
constipation
What would you label if a clt has sxs that do not meet the dx criteria for a specific disorder but you do not want to specify the reason why…
unspecified disorder
Weber’s law explains why
you can be heard when you whisper in a very quiet room but must shout to be heard in a very loud and noisy room.
Just-noticable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus
Berkowitz added ____ to the original frustration-aggression hypothesis
the role of aggressive cues
Genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of outcomes… in regard to the expresion of some of our traits being restricted by our genetic make-up.. this is referred to as:
Canalization
Robber’s Cave study was important because it provided information about..
competition ad cooperation
Robber’s Cave SUMMERCAMP= the only way to get the cabins to work together is to introduce a suberordinate goal that they could ONLY accomplish by working together
Comparing bilingual and monolingual kids on measures of inhibitory control and cog. flexibility has found…
bilingual children outperform them on BOTH measures
Short-term memory is primarily coded
acoustically
If a fact witness is asked to give an opinion..
they should not do it as they are a fact witness and this is more appropriate for an expert witness. they may be biased
Treatment of migranes is
thermal biofeedback and autegenic training
are both more effective than either alone
Hypnagogic hallucinations are…
false perceptions that occur when falling asleep.
Associated with narcolepsy
Postconcussional syndrom
sxs are often due to a combination of organic and psychological factors.
Most pts experience a full recovery with sxs resolving in 3-6 months
AIDS dementia… when a person has functional, intellectual or motor impairment but is able to perform all but the most demanding activities of daily living and can walk without assistance they are at what stage?
Stage 1- mild
Stage 2- they cannot work or perform demanding activities
Stage 3- sign intellectual impairments, cannot walk unassisted.
Model of facet satisfaction…
is similar to equity theory and assumes that job satisfaction is affected by comparisons of own’s own inputs/outcomes to those of others
Ipsilateral
located on the same side of the body
Active ingredient of why systematic desensitization works is…
extinction
Two continuous variables that have been artifically dichotomized.. you would use what correlation coefficient?
tetrachoric
When factors in a matrix are oblique this means…
the correlation coefficient for any two factors is GREATER than zero
Oblique– GREATER THAN ZERO ABS correlation
Orthogonal
uncorrelated
Correlation coefficient of any two factors is equal to zero
Meta-analysis of research on expresed emotion found that high levesl of expressed emotion by family members…
may be somewhat more predictive of relapse for pt with MOOD or EATING disorder than for pt of SCHIZOPHRENIA
Peer pressure reaches its peak in intensity during
Early adolescence (13-15)
My fav clt’s age!
Tolman’s research with rats in mazes confirmed that…
reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur
Tolman==LATENT LEARNING
learning the behavior (but not performance of that beh) occurs without reinforcemetn . rats makde cognitive mapts of the maze even without reinforcement.
Big clue for differentiating between Conduct Disorder over ODD
frequent lying and running away from home
both onset is prepubertal
