Learning definitions Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
A simple form of learning that occurs through repeated pairing and association of two (or more) different stimuli.
What is the neural stimulus? (NS)
The name given to the stimulus that produces no specific response (before it becomes conditioned)
What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Any stimulus which consistently produces a specific reflexive (naturally occurring, bodily), automatic response.
What is the unconditioned response (UCR)
The response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented.
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)
Is the stimulus which was neutral at the start of conditioning. A stimulus that is paired with the UCS, that after learning, now produces a specific response due to its continued association with the UCS.
What is the conditioned response (CR)
The behaviour, which is identical to that of the UCR, but is caused by the CS alone after CC is complete.
What is the before conditioning sentence?
Before conditioning the neutral stimulus (NS) of the ___ does not elicit any specific response and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of the ____ produces the unconditioned response (UCR) of _____ due to the _____.
What is the during conditioning sentence?
During conditioning there are repeated pairings of the NS presented immediately prior to the UCS to produce the UCR.
What is the after conditioning sentence?
After conditioning the NS has become the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) of the _____ and now alone can produce the Conditioned Response (CR) of ____ due to the _____.
What is operant conditioning?
We learn by forming a three-way association between a stimulus, a response, and the consequence of a response.
What is the sentence for OC?
This consequence acted as (pos/neg rei/pun) because the learner was given/lost something desired/undesired which acted to increase/decrease the likelihood that the desired/undesired behaviour would be repeated in future.
What is a reinforcement?
Applying a positive stimulus or removing a negative stimulus to subsequently strengthen a particular response that the reinforcement followed.
What is a reinforcer?
any stimulus (object or event) that increases the frequency of a response that it follow.
Positive reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement occurs from giving or applying a positive reinforcer after a desired response is made.
Positive Reinforcer
PLUS something GOOD
A stimulus which strengthens a response by providing a pleasant or satisfying consequence
Examples:
Skinners experiment = food pellets
Money
Grades
Applause
Negetive reinforcement?
Negative Reinforcement occurs from removing or avoiding an unpleasant situation.
Negative Reinforcer
MINUS something BAD
A stimulus that strengthens a response by the reduction, removal or prevention of an unpleasant stimulus
Examples:
Skinners experiment = electric shock removed
Taking Panadol for headache
Driving slow to avoid fine
What is a punishment?
the delivery of an unpleasant stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus following a response with the aim of decreasing the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated.
Positive punishment?
Positive punishment - the delivery of an unpleasant stimulus following an undesirable response
PLUS BAD
Negative punishment?
Negative punishment – the removal of a pleasant stimulus following an undesired response
MINUS GOOD
What are the three factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment?
1) order of presentation
2) timing
3) appropriateness
Explain the three factors that influence the effectiveness of the consequence.
1) Order or Presentation
Must be presented after a behaviour
Helps to ensure organism learns the consequences of a particular behaviour.
2) Timing
Most effective when immediately after a behaviour
Helps to ensure organism associates the response with the reinforcer or punisher.
The length of delay effects the strength of the response (long delay = slower progression of learning.)
3) Appropriateness
A reinforcer must be pleasing or satisfying to the person
A punisher must be unpleasant or annoying to the person
Different reinforcers/punishers required in diff situations
What learning techniques are a behaviorist approach?
Classical and Operant conditioning.
What is the social cognitive approach of learning?
Observational learning.
What is observational learning?
Observational learning occurs when someone uses observation of another person’s actions (the model) and their consequences to guide their future actions.
Which learning is active or passive?
CC- passive
OC- active
OL- active
What reason is there for someone to be more likely to imitate the behavior?
We are more likely to pay attention to models that are liked, familiar, and similar to us that are also attractive or successful and have a high status.
What are the 5 elements of OL?
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Reinforcement
What does attention mean?
1) Attention: Actively watching the modeled behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour
What does retention mean?
2) Retention: Remember what has been observed by forming a mental representation of what has been viewed and of the consequences.
What does reproduction mean?
3) Reproduction: Be physically and intellectually capable of imitating the behaviour
What does modivation mean?
4) Motivation: have some desire to imitate the behaviour
What does reinforcement mean? OL.
5) Reinforcement: likelihood of performing the behaviour is strengthened if it results in a pleasurable outcome
What does vicarious conditioning mean?
Vicarious Conditioning = individual watches another person displaying behaviour that is either reinforced or punished and then behaves in exactly the same way or refrains from the behaviour as a result of what they observed.
What does country mean?
Country is an Aboriginal English word that refers to the living system of all entities that exist in the universe.
What is the multimodal system?
Country is a multimodal system because each of the entities has its own way of knowing and of being known.
What is kinship?
The kinship system defines the relationships that people have with each other, the knowledges they are responsible for and the entities within County that they are responsible to care for.
What is the 8 ways of knowing framework?
8 ways of knowing framework is expressed as 8 interconnected ideas that work together in the learning process
What are the 8 ways of knowing?
Community links: we bring knowledge home to help our mob
Symbols and images: we keep and share knowledge with art and objects
Non-verbal: we see, think, act, make, and share without words.
Learning maps: we picture our pathways of knowledge
Story sharing: we connect through stories we share
Deconstruct/reconstruct: we work from wholes to parts, watching and then doing
Non-linear: we put different ideas together and create new knowledge
Land links: we learn with lessons, from land and nature
What are the 3 main parts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders way of learning?
Country
Kinship
8 ways of learning framework
What is the discriminative stimulus?
discriminative stimulus is the antecedent stimulus that has stimulus control over behaviour because the behaviour was reliably reinforced in the presence of that stimulus in the past
