Learning Check 8 Flashcards
One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they
ignore the falsification principle
Dr. Craft has decided to buy a megamillions lottery ticket. Despite the fact that there is a 1 in 176,000,000 chance that he will win, he thinks that he can win it this time because this is his lucky day. Dr. Craft is suffering from what (among other things)?
The alternative outcomes effect
Derrick purchases a new care, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, “Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can’t remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently.” Derrick’s judgement is most likely biased by a(n)
availability heuristic
If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.
deductive
Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness?
Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
Consider the following conditional syllogism:
Premise 1: If I don’t eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight.
Premise 2: I ate lunch today.
Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn’t hungry tonight.
This syllogism is an example of
Denying the antecedent
Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was canceled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a “fort” for his four-year-old son. Ali’s use of the cartons represents
divergent thinking
Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?
If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.
Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle’s being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using
the representative heuristic
Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia’s observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using
an illusory correlation
Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where, if you save the bottle cap, every 10th bottle cap receives a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy.
gains; risk-aversion
Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify _____ for the problems.
a single correct answer
Humans tend to make poor decisions even when the probablities of events are known. An example of such poor decision making is due to the conjunction fallacy. The conjunction fallacy states that people
don’t recognize that two events occurring at the same time are much less probable than events occurring independently
The typical purpose of sub-goals is to
bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make “warmth” judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to
demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems
