Learning Approach: Social Learning Theory Flashcards
What are the approach’s main assumptions?
- Social Learning Theory is concerned with how people learn when they observe others.
- It can be seen as the bridge between the Behaviourist approach and the Cognitive approach.
- Like the Behaviourist approach, it emphasises the importance of environment and reinforcement in learning, but like the Cognitive approach, it acknowledges the important role that mental processes play in interpreting the environment and planning new actions even though it does not study them in detail.
Key features of Social Learning Theory
- Human learning is explained through observational learning or modelling, which involves identification, imitation and reinforcement.
- Mediating cognitive factors play an important role in observational learning. These include attention, retention, reproduction and motivation.
- In vicarious reinforcement, reproduction of behaviour can be motivated when learners observe role models receiving reinforcement.
- The majority of Social Learning Theory research involves laboratory experiments in which quantifiable behaviour is observed.
Observational learning
- Bandura is the Father of Social Learning Theory. He believes that the most important process in learning for humans is observational learning.
- The key steps in observational learning are identification, imitation and reinforcement, but everything begins with a role model demonstrating a particular behaviour.
1) Modelling
When a person performs a behaviour and is seen by another person, they are modelling that behaviour for them. If the person who is observing the behaviour judges that the other person should be their role model, they identify with them.
2) Identification
Identification involves associating with the qualities, characteristics and views of specific role models who possess qualities that individuals would like for themselves. When a learner identifies with a role model, they will remember their behaviour and add it to the repertoire of actions they can produce and may imitate.
3) Imitation
Imitation is copying or reproducing behaviour that has been learned through observation. When they do this, learners make a judgement about whether it is the right situation in which to reproduce it and whether they are likely to be successful in performing the action. They are also actively testing whether they should reproduce the behaviour again by evaluating the reinforcement they receive.
4) Reinforcement
Reinforcement refers to the consequence of the action for the learner, in general desirable consequences will lead to a behaviour being reproduced. If a behaviour is reinforced sufficiently, it becomes internalised. Internalised actions do not require more reinforcement; they are a relatively fixed part of the learner’s behaviour - their identity - and they will go on to model them for other learners.
Mediational factors
- Mediating cognitive factors are internal mental processes that lie between the stimulus and response.
- In Social Learning Theory, these are the factors that affect whether learners identify with models, imitate them and how they respond to reinforcement.
- Bandura refers to attention factors, retention factors, reproduction factors and motivation factors.
- It can be ARRM or ARMR (motivation and then reproduction).
1) Attention
Factors that influence whether a learner pays attention to a role mode. These may include the learner’s interpretation of the role model’s power, attractiveness and similarity.
2) Retention
Factors that influence whether a learner identifies with a role model and remembers the behaviours their role model produces. These include the appropriateness of the behaviour to the role model.
3) Reproduction
Factors that influence whether a learner believes they should imitate the behaviour they have acquired. These includes physical ability, but also the learner’s self esteem and self-efficacy.
4) Motivation
Factors that influence how a learner responds to reinforcement. These can include responses to past experience and expectations about future benefits.
Bandura’s research - Vicarious reinforcement
Vicarious reinforcement involves learning through observations of the consequences of actions for other people. When a learner observes someone they identify with and the role model receives reinforcement, the learner is motivated to imitate the behaviour as if they had been reinforced themselves.
Vicarious reinforcement is demonstrated in Bandura, Ross & Ross (1963) - Aim
To test the effect of vicarious conditioning on observational learning of aggression.
Vicarious reinforcement is demonstrated in Bandura, Ross & Ross (1963) - Method
Children aged 2.5-6 years watched a film of an adult punching and shouting at a Bobo doll. There were 3 experimental groups:
1) (Reinforcement) the model was rewarded with sweets.
2) (Punishment) the model was punished with ‘‘don’t do it again’’.
3) (Control) the film ended after the model was aggressive.
4) The children were left in the room with the Bobo doll.