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Psychology Unit 2 > Learning Approach > Flashcards

Learning Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in the learning approach

A

Classical conditioning- Pavlov
Operant conditioning- skinner
Social learning theory- Bandura

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2
Q

What is the key assumption of the learning approach

A
  • all behaviour is learned
  • either through association, rewards and punishment, or through observation
  • all Bork as blank slates
  • behaviour is a result of our behaviour
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3
Q

What is classical conditioning and give examples

A
  • learned through association

- little Albert learning to associate the white rat with the loud banging noise

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4
Q

What happened in pavlovs experiment

A
  • used dogs
  • the dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with their food, to extent that after a while they began to salivate just when they heard the sound of the bell
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5
Q

Pavlovs dogs

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Food

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6
Q

Pavlovs dogs

Unconditioned response

A

Salivation

Before conditioning and during

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7
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Bell

Before and during conditioning

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8
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Bell

After conditioning

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9
Q

Conditional response

A

Salivation after conditioning

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10
Q

What is operant conditioning

A
  • learned through rewards and punishment
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11
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Being praised by a parent

- being rewarded so the behaviour is likely to be repeated

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12
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A
  • child being aggressive and that behaviour is punished so the behaviour is less likely to be repeated
  • avoiding the punishment will strengthen the avoidance of aggression
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13
Q

Which experiment links to operant conditioning

A

Skinners box

Rat experiment

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14
Q

What happened to the rat during skinners experiment

A
  • when the rat pressed a lever they were rewarded with a pellet of food - positive reinforcement
  • this meant the rat was likely to continue this behaviour
  • the floor was electrified as a punishment for if the rat pressed the lever when the red light was on
  • rat avoided this by not pressing the lever when the red light was on
  • negative reinforcement
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15
Q

What id skinner condition

A
  • conditioned rats and then later birds to complete complex tasks such as responding to certain words or certain lights
  • simply through rewards and punishment
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16
Q

Evaluation of classical and operant conditioning

A

:) scientific methods are used
:) leads to practical applications such as operant conditioning to train guide dogs
:( research is conducted on animals, can’t really generalise to humans as we are more complex
:( deterministic- some people have been excused for their crimes they have committed be chase they are a product of the environment

17
Q

What are the basic assumptions of social learning theory

A
  • behaviour is learned from the environment

- behaviour is learned from observing others and the rewards and punishment they receive

18
Q

Who came up with the famous social learning theory experiment

A

Bandura

19
Q

Procedure of banduras experiment

A
  • participants aged 3-6 were shown adults playing in a room of toys.
  • they either saw:
  • adult playing aggressively with a bobo doll
  • adult playing nicely with a bobo doll
  • nothing
20
Q

What did the children who were watching an aggressive model see

A
  • all viewed the same action
  • kicking, throwing in the air
  • same phrase
  • pow, bang
21
Q

What did Bandura find

A
  • those who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively
  • other two groups showed significant less aggression
  • children repeated a significant amount of the standardised actions and phrases
  • boys produced more physical aggression, but verbal aggression was the same
22
Q

Conclusion of banduras experiment

A

Those who watch aggressive behaviour will act in an aggressive way

23
Q

What is imitation

A

Used to describe when the individual copies a behaviour

24
Q

What is identification

A

It helps if the individual identifies with the model. They may be a role model like a parent or a sports star

25
Q

What is modelling

A

They person who is being observed

26
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

The term used to describe when the individual sees a model receive a reward or punishment.

27
Q

What is the mediating processes in social learning theory

A
  • Bandura didn’t suggest we imitate everything we see
  • there were a series of mediating factors that took place in between observing the behaviour and then deciding whether or not to imitate
28
Q

What are the four factors leading to social learning

A
  • A: paying attention to the model
  • R: being stable to remember the action
  • A: having the ability to replicate the action
  • M: being motivated to replicate the action
29
Q

What was banduras further research

A
  • showed all children an adult playing aggressively with the bobo doll
  • showed three different endings
  • model was rewarded
  • model was punished
  • no consequences
30
Q

What were the results from this further Bandura study

A
  • the group watching the model being rewarded were more likely to act aggressively
  • then no consequence
  • then the group who saw the adult being punished being the least aggressive
  • supports the importance of motivation in social learning theory
31
Q

Evaluation of social learning theory

A

:) can explain why certain behaviours are imitated such as smoking or aggressive behaviour
:) combines thought processes with the behaviourist principle making it a holistic theory
:( the research was highly artificial and can be accused of being prone to demand characteristics
:( could be used to excuse people from their crimes

Psychology Unit 2 (13 decks)

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