learning and performance

Question 1

what is learning

Answer 1

the relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice or experience

Question 2

what is performance

Answer 2

a temporary occurrence and is unpredictable

Question 3

what is the link between learning and performance

Answer 3

as learning takes place we usually see gradual improvement in performance

Question 4

what are the 4 learning performance curves

Answer 4

linear
positively accelerated
negatively accelerated
plateau

Question 5

what does the linear graph show

Answer 5

the rate of improvement is directly proportional to the number of practise sessions so constant improvement

Question 6

what does the positively accelerated graph show

Answer 6

this shape shows that the individual has performed better in later sessions than in the earlier ones so rate of improvement is getting faster

Question 7

what does the negatively accelerated graph show

Answer 7

shows that the individual has performed better in earlier sessions than in alter ones could be due to a fluke or boredom

Question 8

what does the plateau graph show

Answer 8

often occurs when athlete is trying too much or is over tired

Question 9

what is a learning plateau

Answer 9

no definite change in performance

Question 10

what is drive reduction

Answer 10

an end of task period when performance may get worse you have succeeded so may have lost drive

Question 11

what are the 3 stages of learning

Answer 11

cognitive
associative
autonomous

Question 12

what are the key points of a cognitive phase

Answer 12

thinking and understanding
extrinsic feedback
slow movements
motor programmes
trial and error work
lots of error made
visual manual and verbal guidance are important

Question 13

what are the key points of a associative phase

Answer 13

a long time in this phase
lots of practice
feedback may be more intrinsic
may model by copying professionals
movements are smoother

Question 14

what are the key points of a associative phase

Answer 14

actions are fluent
performer can concentrate on fine details
motor programme is now fully developed
movement is detailed and specific
complicated and technical feedback can be given

Question 15

what is a stimulus

Answer 15

any information that enters the body via sensory system

Question 16

what is response

Answer 16

an action

Question 16

what is practice

Answer 16

makes SR (stimulus- response) bond stronger which means we are learning, practice makes permanent

Question 17

what are the key features of operant conditioning

Answer 17

based on trial and error
shapes behaviour
manipulates environment

Question 18

what is operant conditioning

Answer 18

shaping behaviour through consequences
pleasant consequences will strengthen behaviour through positive and negative reinforcement
unpleasant consequences will weaken behaviour through punishment

Question 19

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 19

strengthens behaviour by rewarding with a pleasant stimulus after something good
increases probability of increasing behaviour
eg good penalty flick in hockey receives praise from coach

Question 20

what is negative reinforcement

Answer 20

taking away an unpleasant stimulus after correct response
increases probability of increasing behaviour
eg coach shouting to pass the ball

Question 21

what is punishment

Answer 21

an unpleasant stimulus is given to prevent incorrect actions from happening again
weakens behaviour but also can create dislike and anger
eg penalty in football govern for a foul

Question 22

what is reinforcement

Answer 22

the process which increases behaviour happening again it strengthens SR bond

Question 23

what is social learning

Answer 23

that we learn by observing others- observational learning, social reinforcement

Question 24

what does DARMMM stand for

Answer 24

demonstration
attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation
matching performance

Question 25

what is DARMMM

Answer 25

how skills are taught through demonstration

Question 26

which parts of DARMMM are cognitive

Answer 26

demonstration
attention
retention

Question 27

which parts of DARMMM are phsyical

Answer 27

motor reproduction
motivation
matching performance

Question 28

what is demonstration

Answer 28

demonstrate the skill by a significant other

Question 29

what is attention

Answer 29

learner must be able to demonstrate using selective attention and teacher should highlight cues like attractiveness, respect, action is heard, seen, accurate

Question 30

what is retention

Answer 30

the observer must remember the models performance

Question 31

what is motor reproduction

Answer 31

the learner should attempt the skill but they must be physically able and need time to carry out skill

Question 32

what is motivation

Answer 32

use positive reinforcement to increase motivation to imitate skills

Question 33

what is matching performance

Answer 33

if the stages before are done correctly, the skill should be matched by performer

Question 34

what is drive reduction theory

Answer 34

individuals are motivated to achieve their goals (drive)
this leads to goal directed behaviour and once the skill has been mastered drive reduces and turns into reinforcement
a new skill needs to be introduced otherwise inhibition will occur

Question 35

what is inhibition

Answer 35

boredom

Question 36

what does a coach have to do in the drive reduction theory

Answer 36

supply a new challenge once a skill is well learned in order to maintain drive it has to be more challenging

Question 37

what happens if a skill is massed practised in drive reduction theory

Answer 37

the greater the inhibition