learning and performace test likely questions Flashcards
Explain the principles of insight learning and discuss its effectiveness when developing skills. (8)
the theory aims to develop a performer’s learning by understanding the relationship between the sub-routines or different factors that may influence the whole problem rather than learning specific movement patterns.
practices will involve the use of techniques designed to allow the performer to think about their response and modify their actions based on previous experience and the situation at the time. For example, a games player will evaluate the situation and decide on a specific pass depending on the position of team mates, the opposition etc. rather than simply complete a pass because they have been conditioned or trained to do so.
it is effective because the performer is able to modify their actions without the need for specific input from the coach because it allows performers to develop their own tactics/strategies rather than rely on the coach.
It can be considered ineffective because the performers/team may not have the ability to think for themselves to develop a solution or because it may be too time consuming when developing skills.
Explain the principles of operant conditioning and discuss the impact that punishment has on motivation when developing skills. (8)
operant conditioning aims to shape or modify behaviour by changing the environment by using reinforcement if the actions are correct/successful. Motivation is the performers drive/desire to succeed.
Coaches may use positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement to strengthen the stimulus-response bond and punishment to weaken to the S-R Bond. The coach will structure practices to use drills, targets, small-sided games to allow conditioned practices for trial and error learning to occur. They will provide positive reinforcement, eg praise, feedback or withdrawal of an adverse stimulus, stop shouting if using negative reinforcement. The coach would use punishment to weaken the S-R Bond.
overuse of punishment will have a negative impact because with excessive use of punishment the performer is no longer motivated to try to break the S-R bond and therefore there will be no skill development leading to further loss of motivation.
Appropriate use of punishment will lead to breaking the S-R bond (as motivated to avoid punishment) so that the correct skill can be learnt further enhancing motivation due to increased performance levels, especially if there is also appropriate use of reinforcement.
Suggest reasons why a teacher may decide to use insight learning during a lesson rather than operant conditioning.
(Insight learning) – develops more independent learners / students have to think more / cognitive processes
(Insight learning) – developing an understanding of the whole problem
(Insight learning) – develops greater understanding of relationship between sub-routines / timing
Operant conditioning – developing a specific stimulus-response bond / S-R bond / uses reinforcement
(Insight learning) – able to modify / adapt actions or skill in a new situation
Explain the term ‘insight learning’ and suggest how this approach could have a positive effect on learning to long jump.
(i) No improvement / levels off / equiv;
Accept optimum / maximum performance
(Learning) plateau;
key term 2
(ii)Distributed sessions / rest / recovery periods;Resetting of goals / tasks more challenging;Offering extrinsic rewards / encouragement / praise / positive reinforcement;Increase motivation on own too vague.
accept rewards / prizes / etc
Using mental rehearsal / imagery / visualisation;Provide feedback / visual guidance;Competition against opposition;Use of whole-part – whole / part method / breaking the skill down;Ensure performer focuses on appropriate cues;Make practices more varied / more interesting / fun / enjoyment;Make performer fitter;Better quality coaching / new coach / different teaching style.
