Learning And Memory

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus and causes decrease in response

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

Recovery of a response to a stimulus after a different stimulus has been presented; changes in response to the orignal stimulus, not the new one

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to cause an conditioned response; stimuli change in the experiment but response remains same

Unconditioned stimuli cause unconditioned response
Conditioned stimuli cause conditioned response

Question 4

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 4

After extinction to a stimuli, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited

Question 5

Generalisation

Answer 5

Broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

Question 6

Operant conditioning

Answer 6

Links voluntary behaviours with consequences in an effort to alter frequency of behaviour

Question 7

Positive reinforcement

Answer 7

Increase behaviour by adding a positive consequence

Question 8

Negative reinforcement

Answer 8

Increase frequency of behaviour by removing something unpleasant

Question 9

Positive punishment

Answer 9

Adds unpleasant consequences in response to a behaviour to reduce behaviour

Question 10

Negative punishment

Answer 10

Reduction of behaviour when stimulus is removed; stop watching TV to stop bad behaviour

Question 11

Shaping

Answer 11

Rewarding increasingly specific behaviours; allows training for complicated behaviours

Question 12

Latent learning

Answer 12

Learning that occurs without reward, but can be spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

Maze running for mice

Question 13

Instinctive drift

Answer 13

Difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviours

Question 14

Mirror neurons

Answer 14

Affect observational learning; fire both when an individual performs an action and when individual observes someone else performing that action; in the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 15

Semantic encoding

Answer 15

Putting information into meaningful context

Question 16

Sensory memory

Answer 16

Fleeting kind of memory storage; iconic and echoic

Implicated in partial report

Question 17

Where is short term memory housed?

Answer 17

Primarily in the hippocampus; also responsible for consolidation of short term memory into long term memory

Question 18

Implicit memory

Answer 18

Long term memory; unconscious; consists of skills and conditioned responses

Question 19

Explicit memory

Answer 19

conscious long term memory; divided into semantic (facts and concepts) and episodic memory (events and experiences)

Question 20

Spacing effect int he context of learning

Answer 20

The longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of information later on

Question 21

Serial position effect

Answer 21

Primacy and recency effects, knowing the first few and last few items on the list;

Primacy likely stronger than recency

Question 22

Retroactive amnesia

Answer 22

Loss of previously formed memories

Question 23

Retroactive interference

Answer 23

New information causes forgetting of old information