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Behavioural Sciences > Biology And Behaviour > Flashcards

Biology And Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What do sensory/afferent neurons do?

A

Transmit sensory information from receptors to spinal cord and brain

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2
Q

What do motor/efferent neurons do?

A

Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and glands

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3
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Found between other neurons.

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4
Q

Which neurons are the most numerous?

A

Interneurons

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5
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

Nerve tissue and fibre outside of the brain and spinal cord; helps connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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7
Q

PNS can be split into somatic and autonomic nervous system. They are?

A

Somatic consists of sensory and motor neurons; sensory through efferent, motor through afferent

Autonomic regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and gland secretion; involuntary muscles -> autonomic, independent of conscious control

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system split into:

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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9
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system:

A

Conserve energy; resting and sleeping states

  • reduce heart rate
  • constrict bronchi
  • managing digestion by increasing peristalsis and exocrine secretions
  • contracts bladder
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10
Q

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system:

A

Activated by stress; fight or flight reactions

  • increased HR
  • distribute blood to muscles
  • increase blood glucose
  • decrease digestion and peristalsis
  • release epinephrine into blood
  • relaxes bronchi
  • inhibits bladder contraction
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12
Q

The brain is covered with a thick sheath of connective tissue called the meninges, made up of:

A

Dura mater -> arachnoid mater -> pia mater

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13
Q

Human brain can be split into 3:

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Hindbrain and midbrain form the brain stem; developed first

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14
Q

Forebrain:

A

prosencephalon divides to form telencephalon and diencephalon

Cerebral cortex - perceptual, cognitive, behavioural processes
Basal ganglia - movement
Limbic system - emotion and memory
Thalamus - sensory relay station
Hypothalamus - hunger, thirst, and emotion

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15
Q

Midbrain:

A

mesencephalon - receives sensory and motor information from rest of body; involuntary reflexes

Inferior and superior colliculi; sensorimotor reflexes

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16
Q

Hindbrain:

A

rhombencephalon - controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, arousal
Rhombencephalon - splits into myelencephalon and metencephalon

Cerebellum - refined motor movements
Medulla oblongata - vital functioning like breathing and digestion
reticular formation - arousal and alertness

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17
Q

Cerebral cortex:

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioural processes

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18
Q

Basal ganglia:

A

Movement

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19
Q

Limbic system:

A

Emotion and memory

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20
Q

Thalamus:

A

Sensory relay station

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21
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

Hunger, thirst, and emotions

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22
Q

Cerebellum:

A

Refined motor movements

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23
Q

Medulla oblongata:

A

Vital functioning such as breathing and digestion

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24
Q

Reticular formation:

A

Arousal and alertness

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25
Q

In prenatal life, the brain develops from?

A

The neural tube

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26
Q

Myelencephalon becomes the?

A

Medulla oblongata, which regulates vital functions such as breathing, HR and BP

27
Q

Metencephalon becomes the?

A

Pons and cerebellum

Pons contain sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla

Cerebellum helps maintains posture and balance; coordinates body movements

28
Q

Midbrain/Mesencephalon becomes the superior and inferior colliculi, which are?

A

Superior colliculi receives visual sensory input

Inferior colliculi receives auditory sensory input; eg. Reflexive reactions to sudden noises

29
Q

Telencephalon becomes the?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

30
Q

Diencephalon becomes the?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and pineal gland

31
Q

Thalamus:

A

Relay station for incoming sensory information; sorts and transmits info to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex

32
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

Divided into lateral (LH), ventromedial (VMH), anterior (AH)

Controls homeostatic function, behaviour, endocrine functions, autonomic nervous system

33
Q

Four Fs of the hypothalamus:

A

Feeding
Fighting
Flighting
Sexual functioning

34
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH):

A

Hunger center; detects when the body needs food -> triggers eating and drinking

If destroyed, one Lacks Hunger

35
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH):

A

Satiety center; provides signal to stop eating

If destroyed, one is Very Much Hungry

36
Q

Anterior hypothalamus:

A

Controls sexual behaviour

Also sleep and body temperature

37
Q

Basal ganglia:

A

Coordinate muscle movement
Receive info from cortex and relay info to brain and spinal cord

Parkinson’s relates to destruction of basal ganglia

38
Q

Limbic system: septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus

A

Associated with emotion and memory

39
Q

Septal nuclei associated with?

A

Pleasure ; addictive behaviours

40
Q

Amygdala associated with?

A

Defensive and aggressive behaviours including fear and rage

41
Q

Hippocampus associated with?

A

Learning and memory processes; consolidate information to form long-term memories

42
Q

Cerebral cortex composed of?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

43
Q

Frontal lobe composed of:

A

Prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, and Broca’s area (vitally important for speech production)

Prefrontal cortex manages executive function by supervising and directing operations of other regions, such as perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-term planning. Damage to prefrontal cortex impairs overall supervisory functions.

Primary motor cortex initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles.

44
Q

Parietal lobe composed of:

A

Somatosensory cortex, which is involved in somatosensory information processing (touch pressure, temperature, pain)

Central region of parietal lobe associated with spatial processing and manipulations; spatial orientation

45
Q

Occipital lobe contains?

A

Visual cortex

46
Q

Temporal lobe is composed of:

A

Auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

Auditory cortex is primary site for sound processing.

Wernicke’s area associated with language reception and comprehension.

47
Q

Dominant hemisphere (usually the left) is:

A

Primarily analytic in function, managing details; language, logic, math

Whereas non dominant hemisphere is associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing.

48
Q

Functions of acetylcholine:

A

Transmit nerve impulses to the muscles
Linked to attention and arousal

Loss of cholinergic neurons to the hippocampus is associated with Alzheimer’s

49
Q

Functions of Epinephrine/norephinephrine

A

Known as catecholamines together with dopamine: all play important roles in emotions

Epinephrine/norepinephrine controls alertness and wakefulness; primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system

Epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla

50
Q

Functions of dopamine:

A

Plays important role in movement and posture

High concentrations found in basal ganglia to help smooth movements and maintain posture.

Too much dopamine, oversensitivity to dopamine: schizophrenia

Too little dopamine: Parkinson’s

51
Q

Functions of serotonin:

A

Regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming

Oversupply causes manic states, under supply causes depression

52
Q

Functions of GABA:

A

Produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; stabilises neural activity in the brain

Causes hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic membrane

53
Q

Functions of glycine:

A

Inhibitory; increases chloride influx into neuron, hyperpolarizes

54
Q

Function of glutamate:

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

55
Q

The endocrine system utilises which chemical messenger?

A

Hormones; travel to destination through bloodstream

Hypothalamus links endocrine to nervous system; regulates hormonal function of pituitary gland; maintained by the hypophyseal portal

Pituitary “master” gland into anterior and posterior: anterior releases hormones that regulate endocrine glands, itself controlled by hypothalamus

Adrenal gland: adrenal cortex and medulla; medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine; cortex produces corticosteroids and testosterone and estrogen

Gonads produce sex hormones in higher concentrations

56
Q

Neural crest: cells at leading edge of neural folds

A

Migrate to form disparate tissues, dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, and calcitonin producing cells

57
Q

Neural tube will form CNS

A

Alar plate differentiates into sensory neurons

Basal plate differentiates into motor neurons

Overtime, the neural tubes invaginates and folds over itself multiple times

58
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus; towards the nipple

59
Q

Moro reflex:

A

React to abrupt movements of their heads by reaching arms out and crying

60
Q

Babinski reflex:

A

Causes toes to spread apart when sole is stimulated

61
Q

Grasping reflex:

A

When infant closes fingers around object placed in hand

62
Q

Gross motor skills progresses from:

A

Head to toe in development

63
Q

Social skills move from:

A

Parent oriented to self oriented to other oriented in development

Behavioural Sciences (3 decks)

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